Thursday, October 31, 2019

Guide to Referencing and Avoiding Plagiarism Assignment - 7

Guide to Referencing and Avoiding Plagiarism - Assignment Example On the other hand, over-research is disadvantageous since it to wastage of time that can be used to fulfill other crucial duties. In the case of under-research, the advantage is that little time is used to collect research information, yet the results may be adequate to address the research question. However, under-research may give inadequate information, which may not necessarily be enough to complete the research question (Fryxell, 2004). Â  Plagiarism is a serious academic offense that cannot be taken lightly; it is unacceptable to engage in plagiarism since the act goes against academic standards that have been set by many education boards and institutions of learning. In my opinion, plagiarism matters because it is not right to use another person’s ideas without acknowledging the source of information. In my opinion, I think that plagiarism in most cases can be regarded as deliberate. This is because most people who plagiarize are aware of the consequences of their actions (Neville, 2010). In addition, most of the people who engage in plagiarism know that it is wrong to plagiarize, and they are aware of how they can avoid this action. A plagiarist should be treated as an offender who has done something wrong in the face of the law. The appropriate penalty for plagiarism should be cancellation of an academic degree that was given to a plagiarist who published plagiarized.

Tuesday, October 29, 2019

Debates Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Debates - Essay Example However, Obama ensures to secure Israel, secure religious minorities and feminines, and foster the economy. He also supplemented that Syria must be dissolved through ensuring that their allies are strong, but that does not mean military provisions. Moreover, both agreed in the case of the insisted Egyptian President Mubarak Go (Nate). Romney’s perspectives on America’s role in the world are simply the leader of all nations to promote peace. That is possible by fostering the economy of the country, and supporting their allies. He depicted that there are uncertainties that may occur, and being prepared through firm troops is the best approach to combat against unexpected military forces that might attack the US. Obama notes that the US has been reconstructing the economy through employee retention, strengthening automaker industry, and decreasing the cost of oil imports (â€Å"Third Presidential Debate†). Romney believes that Afghanistan can recover through the aid of the US, only if Afghans can meet their benchmarks. However, Obama utters about shifting its focus on Afghanistan after the closure of war in Iraq. Both have agreed that, by 2014, Afghanistan can be ready. Furthermore, Romney describes that the US should negotiate with Pakistan not to commence a war against Afghanistan. They both have agreed to promote annihilation of extremism through leveraging corrupt officials in the government (Nate). Moreover, if Israel is attacked, the US should secure Israel. Romney says that Iran cannot utilize nuclear weapon. Obama says Iranian navy cannot come into the US docks. Both of them have concurred on this--that utilizing military forces is the final resort. The goal of Obama for Iran is to put an end on its nuclear program; thus, they can re-penetrate the international society. Romney’s description of Iran is somehow varied, uttering that Iran is a strong nation now,

Sunday, October 27, 2019

Creating a Suitable Braking Assembly

Creating a Suitable Braking Assembly To understand the advanced material and processing technologies specifically to study the interaction between different materials and the design process to create a suitable braking assembly consisting of disc, caliper and brake pads. Disc A disc brake or rotor is used to stop or slow down a moving vehicle. There are two types of disc brakes namely solid and ventilated disc .The rotating disc is connected to the axle and rotates with the wheel. When brake is applies the kinetic energy is converted to thermal energy. The temperature range of a disc braking under braking is 400C-600C. The weight if the disc also matters. For better braking and longer disc life. The disc should have grooves to disperse water to give maximum performance under wet conditions. Disc which are likely to corrosion are coated with anti rust paint. It should be resistant to wear and tear. The reliability of the disc increases when it responses fast and gives safety in all situations. Caliper The main function of the caliper is to hold the brake pads and to hub the brake fluid. The caliper is the actuator in braking and is attached to the steering knuckle. The pistons inside the calipers push against the brake pads which rub against the disc. There are two types of caliper-floating and fixed calipers. Fixed type does not rotate and are fixed. Floating type rotates in relation with the disc on an axis. The caliper should be clean and dirt free for maximum performance. It should also be corrosion resistant. Since calipers are actuators, they have to be made for maximum safety. Need to check if all the pistons are working or if they are engaged. Calipers should also dissipative heat produced. The calipers should provide complete safety in all conditions. Brake pads Brake pads are friction materials mounted on the caliper. They have high friction and help stop the vehicle. They wear out and have to be replaced for better braking. Brake pads or friction pads are the most important part in a brake assembly as this is the part that stops the vehicle. The most important property of the pad is the have a constant high coefficient of friction in a wide range of temperature. The pads should have enough surface area. Heat produces during braking should be dissipated or absorbed. It should have high melting point or the pads could face a phenomenon called brake fade. The brake pads must not wear out rapidly neither should it wear the disc. All the braking action should be quiet, even and stable. Disc Since the disc is thin, the material should be high compressive strength and should not deform under pressure or stress. Therefore the disc rotors need to have high melting point, high dynamic and thermal stability. Rotors should also be wear and rust resistant. The material should also have high dampening to absorb all the vibrations and noise when braking. It should also high have high thermal conductivity and should dissipate heat quickly. It should be able to minimize thermal expansion and should also be hard enough to withstand cracking. Finally the material should have superior machineability and castability. Caliper Material selection for caliper is crucial as it takes in high pressure and stress. It should be light and should have high tensile strength. The pistons should be made of high strength materials to transfer the force from the hydraulic fluid to the brake pads for effective braking. The material should not deform under high stress. Caliper design can get complicated so it should be easy to machine. The material should help in absorption and dissipation of heat and vibrations. Moreover it ought to be rust and dirt resistant. It should also exhibit high dynamic and thermal stability. Brake Pads The material selection for brake pads must have high coefficient of friction for a wide range of temperature and high melting point. Moreover it should withstand heat and dissipate quickly. Another desirable quality of the material is low dust and also low NVH which gives brakes a quiet operation. The material should provide a fade free operation and help eliminate rotor squeal. Pads should have long life but should be rotor friendly also. Since the pads are replaced frequently the pads should be easily machineable and the materials should be easily available. Disc and Caliper The material selected for Disc rotors and caliper is Cast Iron. Cast iron is an alloy of iron and carbon, where the carbon presence is about 3%-4.5% by weight. It is popular because of its low cost and ability to take complicated shapes and ease of machineability. The mechanical properties can be divided into the following Tensile strength-Cast Irons have comparatively less tensile strength but it serves the purpose in disc brakes. The strength is of the magnitude of 7 tonnes per square inch. Hence making the disc brake safe under tensile loading. Compressive strength-Cast iron is popular for its high compressive strength and can take the high compression from the friction material under braking. Consequently brake caliper can take in high load and resist bending or crack. High melting point-The melting ranges from 1140C to 1200C, which is more than sufficient for disc rotors. This helps in removing the disc fade phenomenon and helps braking more efficient at high temperature. Resistances to deformation-Cast irons resist any form of deformation and give a very rigid frame. Hence any form of cracking or breaking is eliminated by careful manufacturing methods. Resistance to Corrosion-Cast iron provides resistance to rust as it inhibits the oxidation of iron. But any part subjected to rust is coated with paint for extra protection. Wear and tear The chosen material is known for its hardness. Wearing out or eroding cast iron is incredibly difficult. Cast iron has proved its excellent abrasion resistance for years. For this reason, cast iron has been selected for disc rotors and caliper for excellent braking performance. Durability and Environment Issues Cast Iron are known to have high durability against fuels where the disc and caliper are often in attendance. The hydraulic fluids used in calipers cause no harm to the metal and hence provide good braking. Cast irons are environmentally friendly material which can be recycled and also doesnt require high energy in machining which reduces cost and pollution. Therefore Cast Iron proves to be the suitable material for disc rotors and brake caliper as it serves the entire design requirement. Adding to the qualities is the dampening ability which helps in NVH free running. It even has an extremely low coefficient of expansion .moreover it also has low sound emission level and also dissipates heat quickly. All these qualities add up to make the cast iron the suitable material. Pads The material selected for brake pad is Asbestos because of its high coefficient of friction. It mainly found in silicate minerals and usually found as long, thin fibrous crystals. Asbestos became popular with its physical properties and came to be used widely in spite of its health hazards. The physical properties are divided below. Tensile Strength Asbestos is known to have very high tensile strength which makes it perfect for use as brake pads. As the brakes are applied at high speed, the pads are rubbed against the disc at high speed producing high tensile force. Therefore asbestos provides the require strength to counter it. High Melting point Asbestos has melting point in the order of 1200C-1500C.This helps in removing the fear of brake fade giving high performance even at high temperatures. Resistance to deformation Asbestos is found to be flexible material. The flexibility of the material helps it to change angle and help increase the braking as the surface of the pads will be evenly run over the disc generating excellent braking. Adding to flexibility is its high tensile strength. Wear and tear Asbestos has high coefficient of friction which makes it perfect but since asbestos are fibers, they tend to wear out but on a reduced or controlled rate according to the manufacturing method. They are designed to wear out eventually. But asbestos are durable material resistant to a number of elements. Environmental issues Asbestos are not environment friendly material neither is it safe for humans. Its fibers often cause health risk which makes it quiet dangerous to use. Asbestos has a number of outstanding abilities such as heat, fire, chemical, friction, electrical, acoustical resistance. All these qualities help in providing a smooth braking feat. It insulates heat and helps dissipate heat quickly. The acoustical properties help absorb the noise and sound and give a quieter operation. Since its chemically inert, it helps in operation in any conditions. Moreover it is insoluble in water and corrosion has no effect. All these qualities add up to prove that asbestos is a good material for brake pads. Disc Disc brake rotors are made using a simple process of casting. Casting is a manufacturing process where the selected material is poured into a mold which has the shape and geometry of the design and then allowed to solidify. Once the metal is solidified, the finished product is taken out by ejection or breakage of mold. Casting is also helpful in mixing two or more materials.The current manufacturing route for the disc brake rotor is casting as cast iron has excellent cast ability and machineability. Since casting has been used for a very long time, it has been developed over the years too. Its economical because of the low equipment cost and tooling cost which helps keep cost down. Disc rotors are made using sand mold. The disc shape is made in a sand cavity and molten cast iron is poured into the cavity. The liquid metal flows to all the space and empty crease in the cavity and takes the shape of the mold. Once the mold shape is taken, it is allowed to cool. After the mold has been cooled to a temp where it can be taken out of the mold, the product can be ejected or the mold can be broken to take the product. Once it is casted, the shape of the disc rotor has been created. It then goes for machining where it is trimmed to final dimensions and level the surface for critical surfaces/dimensions. After machining, the disc is taken over to surface abrasive section where all the rough edges and surface are made clean and smoothen to increase smoothness. After all the work has been done it might be given a coat of anti rust or left over for packaging. Many disc manufacturers drill holes and mill the disc rotors for better air flow and heat dissipation. Casting is a low cost process but often it come with flaws. The rotors would have sand inclusions, bubbles, porosities and usually end up in one piece which can induce really high stress. This can cause uneven cooling or heating and produce cracks in the rotor. Once a crack is formed in a disc, it can lead to the destruction of the whole disc. Therefore the cracks should be taken care of beforehand. To counter this problem, many companies resort to what is called ASTM high temperature cast iron. They use vacuum assist degassed to eliminate the pososite to help stop cracking. Caliper The selected material for caliper is cast iron. Since cast iron have good castability, calipers are also made from casting. But since calipers take a very complex shape and have minute detailing, a high pressure casting is used. High pressure casting is similar to sand casting except that very high pressure of the order 14-140MPa is used to force the liquid to the mould giving good surface finish and also production of very thin sections. The process involves the cast iron melted to be flowing liquid. A mold of the caliper is made and the liquid is injected to the die using a plunger. The liquid fills the die cavity and since high pressure is used, the liquid goes to the smallest creases and takes the whole of the die space leaving less room for inclusions or porosity. Once the liquid is cooled, the die is opened and the product is taken out for further processing. Since the surface finish is good, there is less need to machining. It may be treated with chemicals and all the complicated shapes are cleaned. The caliper is given a protective paint coating for anti rust property. The major advantage is of the high pressure casting is the high production rate compared to sand cast. This is the current route of the manufacturing of calipers using cast irons. Pads Pads are manufactured rather traditionally. Basic process involves cutting of 2 metals one with a friction lining and then sticking them together to make the brake pad. The process starts with cutting two sheets metal. One metal will have the friction material and the other metal will act as a carrier. Once the sheet metals are cut, the two metals are bonded together by a damping layer. The damping layer is an adhesive that sticks both the metals together. Its a layer is a peroxide-cross linked polyacrylate adhesive of a thickness of about 75 ÃŽ ¼m or a peroxide-cross linked silicone adhesive of a thickness of about 100 ÃŽ ¼m. First the damping layer is applied onto one material and then the metal is pressed to the other metal. Few individual supports are punched out from the metal bonded together, providing support on one side and friction on the other. Thus the brake pad is manufactured and the process is very simple. d) Alternate Material Disc The alternate material that can be used is Carbon Ceramic rotors. Carbon ceramics rotors were into application in high performance cars because it called in for high performance.CC rotors are very heat resistant and much more durable than cast iron brake. Advantages of Ceramic Brakes over Cast iron Carbon Ceramic s rotors have more frictional force which helps in stopping the car quickly. They dissipate heat quickly which helps reduce brake fade which is the loss of friction at high temperature Since the heat buildup is lesser, the wear and tear is also reduced The overall weight of the rotors are reduced which help in reducing the weight of the car especially the unsprung mass which helps in handling. CC rotors can withstand 2.5 times the heat steel can withstand which enables it to work in extreme heat. Ceramics have found their place in most of the high performance cars. Ceramics are still under the development stage. Disadvantages of Ceramic Brakes over Cast Iron CC rotors are limited to open wheel configuration because of the high temperature generated. The major disadvantage is the low coefficient of friction in wet or damp condition. CC rotors phenomenally expensive They cannot be repaired if cracked or damaged The production process is very complicated too. Ceramic Rotors are perfect selection for sports car and high performance cars but they seem to be inefficient for normal passenger cars. There are many researches going on in ceramics as they seem to give the best of all the worlds. The potential for ceramics are immense in automotive industry. They are widely used in aerospace now. The manufacturing process is also being refined which are moderating the cost which enables ceramics in a wider driving spectrum.CC rotors help reduce the weight of the vehicle as it is 4 times lighter than cast iron which increases fuel efficiency and help reduce the unsprung mass of the vehicles which gives better handling.CC rotors are made from a carbon reinforcement impregnated with a carbon matrix which is subjected to long and expensive process. There is new ceramics under development and this field is expanding. Caliper The alternate material used in caliper is aluminum. Aluminum is a very light material and can be cast without much expense. Aluminum is used because it is light weight, stiff and non corrosive. Advantages Light weight material comparing to cast iron which helps reduce the upsprung mass of car It can be manufactured easily and tooling is inexpensive. It can be anodized for better look and protection Stiff material and gives sufficient strength Non corrosive and is not affected by water under most conditions. Disadvantages over cast iron Material not strong enough and have lesser compressive and tensile strength. Aluminum has low damping and doesnt absorb vibrations More expensive than cast iron, more manufacturing process Poor ability to transfer heat, aluminum is a poor thermal insulator. Aluminum is widely used to make calipers in modern cars due to its properties and charactertics. More research is being carried out to make aluminum stiffer and harder. Many new aluminum alloys are being produced and tested. Aluminum calipers are larger in size when compared to cast iron calipers; this is due to the fact that the required stiffness is reached only within a certain size. The pistons used in the caliper vary from steel to titanium. The caliper needs good surfaces finish and should also take high stress and shape. Aluminum delivers all the required design specification and making aluminum the best alternate material to be used in calipers. Pads As the increasing rate of technology, brake pads have improved over the years. Asbestos were replaced by semi metallic and now replaced by ceramic pads. Asbestos pad caused health issues and semi metallic pad were noisy and eroded the rotors. Ceramic brakes have been selected as the alternate material for brake pads. Advantages The major advantage is low dust formed when braking. Improved braking over semi metallic and asbestos Stable and even friction available at all temperature range Extremely quiet performance and provide comfort to the passenger The pad life has also been extended also the rotor life as the pads dont erode the rotors. Disadvantages The only disadvantage till now is the rather expensiveness of the brake pads, but with constant manufacturing up gradation, the prices will come down. Ceramic brake pads are found to be an ultimate product, but research is continuing in the process of making it more efficient and cheaper. The dusts produced by ceramics are minimal and are not noticeable making the disc more cleanly in appearance. The ceramic pads are made up of a carbon-ceramic mostly with carbon fibers within silicon carbide matrix(C/SiC).This gives all the qualities to the brake pads according to the design requirement. e) Manufacturing Route for Alternate material Disc The manufacturing process of a ceramic disc rotor is complex and involves a number of steps. Rotors are expensive because of the expensive manufacturing process. The process starts with the preparation and arrangement of multiple layers of fiber fabric. Forming a material in with all the properties involves complex manufacturing process and the properties depend on the selection and densification process. The fibers are taken and heated to a point where they dont melt or burn. Fiber arrangement range from random chopped mat to woven fabric. Then the fiber material is formed in mould to produce the disc shape and then heated to eliminate non carbon elements. After this a process known as chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is used. In CVD porous product is heated in vacuum and then hydrocarbon gas is supplied in to diffuse all the cracks. In isothermal CVD, densification occurs at uniform temperature. Once the specific density and porosity is obtained, the disc is taken out and mach ined, drilled and treated with an antioxidant or special paint for protection. The process is a very length one and takes about 30 to 40 days. The manufacturing process increases the cost of the brakes. Research is being done to reduce the process while maintaining the property of the ceramic disc rotors. Caliper The manufacturing process used to make calipers out aluminum is Gravity Die Casting (GDC).This is different from High pressure die casting used for cast iron. This involves pouring the liquid gently into a reusable metal die. In this process the cores make the difference, the cavity formed due to the cores help the movement of liquid through the core. It includes two cores where one is moveable. The liquid is poured into the die and due to gravity it flows to the cavity and fills the gaps. Once it is solid and set, the die is removed and the finished is removed. After that it is machined to give it a surface finish. The main advantage of gravity die casting over sand casting is the production speed. The same die can be used for hundreds of casting. This process also gives a dimensional accuracy and surface finish. This process is widely used in cast aluminum alloy calipers. Pad Ceramic brake pads are manufactured similar to the cast iron brake pads. The ceramic material is cut into the shape and another metal piece is taken and the both are cold pressed into green compact. Sintering is carried out in vacuum where the organic binding agent concentrations get pyrolized and the metal particles bonded by reaction to carbon. Several binding agents are suited for pyrolysis.eg silicon carbide. One side of the pad will have the friction material and the other will have the support. Thus the manufacturing process for brake pad for alternate material uses expensive materials and process making it more expensive than conventional brake pads.

Friday, October 25, 2019

Free Grapes of Wrath Essays: Steinbecks Portrait of Fear :: Grapes Wrath essays

Portrait of Fear in The Grapes of Wrath Steinbeck shows throughout The Grapes of Wrath that mankind is afraid of failure. Although that fear is present in both the desperate migrant workers and the big, ruthless land owners, Steinbeck uses Al Joad's character to his full advantage t model this characteristic of man. Al's personal fear of failure motivates him to do well in life in comparison to his male role models, as well as to help support the family. This is conveyed through Al's sense of responsibility to his family, his careful nature, and his moody and defensive behavior. Al's sense of responsibility to his family is a major element in his determination not to fail. His knowledge and operation of automobiles are Al's major contribution to the family: "He might be a musking goat sometimes, but this was his responsibility, this truck, its running, and its maintenance...And everyone respected him and his responsibility" (Steinbeck, pages 131 and 132). Al not only helps the family succeed in getting to California by taking on this responsibility, he also makes up for other areas of his character in which he feels he is failing or lacking. Such an area of character might be his apathy towards letting his family know his whereabouts when he disappears for days at a time in Oklahoma. Al's careful nature is another obvious sign that he does not want to fail. He feels that precaution is the only way to prevent something from going wrong and ultimately failing. This is visible in his meticulous care of the truck: "Al grew tense over the wheel. A little rattle had developed in the engine. He speeded up and the rattle increased...Al blew his horn and pulled the car to the side of the road" (page 225). Al's care, though obvious only in that of the truck, definitely suggests that should he fail to properly maintain the truck, he would fail himself and his family as well. To offset such an event, Al constantly watches for and prevents any possible problems with the truck. Al's moody and defensive behavior is also a strong example of his resolution not to fail. Although his attitude could be attributed to adolescent arrogance, one who examines Al's character can see that he has more pressure placed upon him than most of the other members of the family.

Thursday, October 24, 2019

“A Taste of Honey” by Shelagh Delaney

In writing, â€Å"A Taste of Honey† in the year 1958, what impact did Shelagh Delaney desire to leave on her audience members and what type of technique did she use in connecting them?Shelagh Deleney wrote her plays for the upper and middle classed of people where individuals could find the scenes completely opposite to what they were familiar with and saw everyday in society.Delaney didn’t focus on families being what everyone conceived them as, where the family consisted of the head of the household or the dad, working for the family in order to earn a living and then the mother who stayed at home and cooked and cleaned and tended to the children.We learn at 123HelpMe.com that Shelagh Delaney tells us that, (p.1) â€Å"The stereotypical play was where the men worked and the women stayed at home, cleaning and cooking.†Delaney wanted to offer something entirely different to her audience and she used her vivid imagination to shock her audience members with familie s that were entirely, untraditional.â€Å"A Taste of Honey† (back cover) offers to enlighten us that, â€Å"A Taste of Honey† is â€Å"a sensational theatrical success in London. A Taste of Honey was written by Shelagh Delaney at the age of 18.The play prompted Graham Greene to say that it had â€Å"all the freshness of Mr. Osborne’s Look Back in Anger and a greater maturity.† Delaney’s play was successful because of her originality.Delaney is compared to another great writer and is even paid the compliment that her writing is more mature than that of someone who is more experienced in the writing field and who is much older than Delaney.Delaney’s writing style was mature because she wished to connect with her audience members and to achieve that she found it necessary to write with maturity and on topics that would appeal to those members who viewed her play.In the first act of Delaney‘s play it opens up with two character entering a room, carrying their belongings. (P. 1) Book Rags teaches us that, â€Å"The scene opens in a shabby apartment in Manchester, England, in 1956. Helen and her teenage daughter, Jo, enter loaded with bags. Helen is described as a semi-prostitute, but her men are her only known source of financial support.†Delaney also writes that, â€Å"The Boy is a black sailor who appears briefly, professing love for Jo.He asks her to marry him and gives her a ring. They spend a week together during Christmas, but then he leaves for a six month tour at sea.† The young author is able to demonstrate an extremely adult situation in an era where this type of behavior was not accepted in connecting with her audience and gaining their complete and undivided attention.To connect more closely with her viewers, Delaney used scenes that depicted more mature subject matter, in catching and maintaining their attention of the scenes in the play.Did Delaney’s audience respect her work as she linked with their personalities? We learn in her biography that a fan said, After seeing the first production of Shelagh Delaney’s A Taste of Honey in May 1958, Lindsay Anderson said of the play in Encore: â€Å"To talk as we do about new working-class audiences, about plays that will interpret the common experiences of today-all this is one thing and a good thing too.†It is evident that Delaney cast a spell on her audience while reeling them in and capturing their full attention. They go on further to mention about the play, â€Å"A work of complete, exhilarating originality.† Delaney gained tremendous acceptance with her play and many individuals viewed and thought there was nothing else like the work that Delaney provided.Susan Whitehead offers that, â€Å"But, how much better even, how much more exciting, to find such theatre suddenly here, suddenly sprung up under our feet!†(p. 55-60) Delaney offered an exciting escape from reality in her play where people could gather and take in the scenes that Delaney offered for entertainment in order to grasp the affection of her audience.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"A Taste of Honey† is full of situations where the author left her audience in a gasp at her incredible imagination and thoughts on what life would be like if it were flip-flopped to something that was completely different than one would ever guess it to be.She is remarkable in her attempt to form situations that impress upons one’s theories and attitudes toward rules in society.

Wednesday, October 23, 2019

Thermal Power Plants For Electricity Education Essay

Along with other parts of this state economic system, the crude oil industry was privatized and liberalized in the 1990s which resulted in a crisp encouragement in monetary values and investing. Several oil companies are prospecting in or near this state Western Rift Valley where surface oil seeps have occurred. In June 2006 finds at three Fieldss were announced which have combined militias of 100-300 million barrels. This important discovery, but compared to the known militias of Nigeria ( 35 billion barrels ) and Angola ( 5 billion barrels ) . 30 million barrels are deemed ready for extraction is started from 2009/10, which would ensue in an estimated 12,000+ barrels a twenty-four hours. While this is comparable to this state national ingestion, there is non available all the oil-based merchandises that Uganda needs. So, the state is project to export some oil merchandises while go oning to import others. The refinery edifice is provide some national capacity to treat the extracted oil is besides under manner.SolarThis state, In 2002 governmental Energy Policy notes the state ‘s favourable state of affairs sing solar energy: This state is endowed with plentifulness of sunlight giving solar radiation of about 4-5 kWh/m2/day. This type of sunstroke is rather favourable for all solar engineering applications. Solar energy applications in this state include solar photovoltaic ( PV ) , H2O warming, chilling and harvest drying. PV systems are by and large required for applications where nice power demands exist chiefly in countries that are non served by the grid. They provide power for lighting, telecommunications, vaccinum and blood infrigidation, and for playing wireless and telecasting in such countries. This engineering has besides proven to be really successful in supplying energy services to really unaccessible countries such as on islands and cragged countries where the national grid can non be expected to widen its services in the foreseeable hereafter. Government is execution a solar PV pilot undertaking through a funding mechanism that makes it possible for both PV consumers and sellers to obtain recognition from Bankss for solar rural electrification now. The solar H2O application warming is still really limited. In this state Electricity Regulatory Authority reported in 2008 that, â€Å" the Ugandan authorities is advancing solar photo-voltaic systems in places and solar H2O warming in both places and commercial endeavors in order to decrees on the eventide extremum burden demand for grid electricity. A proposed 50MW solar- thermal undertaking is under survey at Namugoga, Wakiso District. † Despite these recent attempts, solar remains a really minor portion of this state existent energy balance.EducationThis state made a big spring progress in instruction in 1997, when the authorities published its Universal Primary Education strategy with the end of doing instruction free for everyone. As 1000s more kids started school, there was existent sense of hope that at last everyone would hold a opportunity to take on in larning in a structured manner. They think that literacy would be available to everyone, but the challenges to a wholly free instruction in this state are many and there are still fees associated with instruction It must be borne by the households. The state of affairs of those who had non had a opportunity to acquire clasp of literacy was even starker. In 1997 they added up to 37 % of this state population, about seven million grownups and kids. Female illiteracy stands at 49 % . It is higher in war affected parts such as Northern Uganda. This is what LABE wor ks to alter – to see a literate environment develop in which everyone participates, to enable people to take charge of their ain acquisition and development.To see parents promoting kids in the instruction. But the narrative of LABE did non get down in 1997. Before now in 1989 a group of people at Makerere University launched a voluntary strategy to advance literacy. In 1995 this had evolved into a registered national non – governmental organisation ( NGO ) working in partnership with national, local and international NGOs, authorities sections and local communities. However, LABE does non run literacy programme or learning literacy categories. It offers a facilitate function, it trains groups and squads of community based pedagogues to get down and pull off categories in the community. LABE develops technic and stuffs for acquisition and instruction. Through a national web of like-minded NGOs, LABE advocates for literacy and seeks to power of authorities policy. In 2002 LABE received international acknowledgment by winning the Noma award, one of the UNESCO International Literacy Prizes, for outstanding work in literacy. The system of instruction in this state has a construction of: 1 ) 7 old ages of primary instruction. 2 ) 6 old ages of secondary instruction ( divided into 4 old ages of lower secondary. 3 ) 2 old ages of upper secondary school ) . 4 ) 3 to 5 old ages of post-secondary instruction. The present system has existed since the early sixtiess.Primary instructionIn 1999 there were 6 million childrens having primary instruction, as compared to merely 2 million in 1986. Numbers received a addition in 1997 when free primary instruction was made available for four kids per household. Merely some of primary school alumnuss go on to take any signifier of secondary instruction. This is dependent upon them go throughing their Primary Leaving Examinations ( PLE ) .Secondary instructionLower secondary consists of 4 old ages of schooling in the terminal of which pupils Ordinary-level tests ( O-level ) in at least 8 topics. Upper secondary consists of 2 old ages of schooling in the terminal of which pupils sit Advanced-level tests ( A-level ) in at least 3 topics. The set of classs for lower secondary is presently being reviewed by the National Curriculum Development Center, and a new set of classs is expected to be rolled out in 2014 or 2015. Three-year proficient schools provide an option to take down secondary school. Options for alumnuss from lower secondary school addes: 1 ) 2-3 twelvemonth Technical institutes ; 2 ) 2 twelvemonth Primary Teacher Colleges ( PTC ) 3 ) Department Training Colleges ( DTCs ) 4 ) Upper secondary schools.Post-secondary instructionAlthough 60,000-70,000 pupils per twelvemonth leave school qualified to travel on to higher instruction, Some of them 35 % ( at most 25,000 ) are able to happen topographic points at the limited figure of establishments. The mass of these go to universities both Public and private. Specifically, Makerere University in Kampala ( MUK ) accepts 95 % of the entire pupil population in this state universities. Rest of all is distributed among the 20 and private universities and a smaller figure of non University establishments. The accepted Universities in this state include:Government UniversitiesMakerere University ( MUK ) Mbarara University of Science & A ; Technology ( MUST ) Kyambogo University ( KYU ) Gulu University ( GU ) Busitema University ( BSU )Religious-Affiliated UniversitiesAll Saints University ( ASU ) Ankole Western University ( AWU ) Bugema University ( BU ) Busoga University ( BGU ) Islamic University in Uganda ( IUIU ) Kumi University ( KUMU ) LivingStone International UniversityLink Ndejje Christian University ( NDU ) Uganda Christian University ( UCU ) Uganda Martyrs University ( UMU ) Uganda Pentecostal University ( UPU )Private Secular UniversitiesFairland University ( FLU ) Kabale University ( KABU ) Kampala University ( KU ) Kampala International University ( KIU ) Lugazi University ( LZU ) Muteesa I Royal University ( MRU ) Mountains of the Moon University ( MMU ) Nkumba University ( NU ) St. Lawrence University ( SLAU ) African Bible University ( ABU ) International Health Sciences University ( IHSU )Public Technical CollegesUganda Technical College – Lira ( UTC Lira ) Uganda Technical College – Ombaci ( UTC Ombaci ) Uganda Technical College – Elgon ( UTC Elgon )Private Technical CollegesCity polytechnic Institute – Kampala ( CPI )Northern UgandaEducation is of import for a successful post-conflict alteration in Northern Uganda ( see Conflict in Northern Uganda ) , as it helps spread out peoples ‘ abilities to interrupt free of circles of aggression and agony. In this state Universal Primary Education ( UPE ) has resulted in high registration rates in Northern Uganda, but instruction tends to be of a low quality and few kids really complete primary school. There are deficient installations ; For e.g. out of 238 primary schools in Pader, 47 are still under trees, limited teacher adjustment is doing high rates of instructor absenteeism and in some countries the mean primary school instructor to student ratio is 1:200. , There is some cogent evidence to propose completion of secondary school is necessary to supply an person with a proper opportunity to get away poorness, as emplo yment and income degrees for those who completed primary schools. And besides for those who did non go to at all. There part has peculiar troubles as instructors are difficult to happen, the struggle shaped a lost coevals without an sufficient instruction themselves and instructors from other countries are still extremely concerned about security in the part. Particular attending to instruction in the part is necessary to guarantee the delicate peace does non acquire worse into full graduated table struggle one time more. This state has a population of about 28 million people. Of that figure, approximately 15 million are under the age of 18. The mean life anticipation is 47 old ages. Lending causes of decease are malaria and HIV/AIDS. One in every 12 kids has been orphaned due to the AIDS epidemic. 6.7 % of the population are populating with the HIV/ AIDS virus. 44 % brand less than $ 1 / twenty-four hours 78 % are peasant husbandmans. 77 % unrecorded on soil floors. 49 % rely in word of oral cavity for their information.School Improvement Plan:Several of us at Educate Uganda have visited schools in the Nkokonjeru country and have seen the creaky school edifices, deficient schoolroom infinite, unhygienic latrines, and the terrible demand for educational stuffs. At Educate in this state they understand that merely paying for the kids to go to school is non sufficient. There are 21 schools which have orphans taking portion in the plan ( see Sponsorship Program ) . They have presently analysing each school to find their specific demands. These demands include the most basic aims as like school edifices, learning stuffs, latrines, desks, blackboards, better H2O beginnings and other things to do these schools a healthy and safe acquisition environment. At now, we are constructing extra schoolrooms and latrines for a jungle school in Nnyermawa called St. Gyaviira. This school presently has two schoolrooms which educate kids through the 4th class. In add-on schoolrooms they will be able to educate pupils through the 7th class. with no the extra schoolrooms, kids have to walk several stat mis through the jungle to go on their surveies at a different school or merely halt their instruction after the 4th class. ( 1 ) Mother Tongue Education undertaking in Northern Uganda ( 2 ) Direction in Mother Tongue-The Language of Opportunity: ( 3 ) Increasing Access to Education Prospects for Children, their Teacher and Parents ( 4 ) In the rural countries, the medium of direction from P1 to P4 will be the relevant local linguistic communications ; and from P5 toP8 English will be the medium of direction. The pertinent country linguistic communication will besides be teach as a topic in primary school. This apply to both rural and urban countries. ( Beginning: Government of this state White paper on Education, 1992 pp. ) The 2000 World Education Forum recognized struggle as an obstructor to the accomplishment of Education For All. Prolonged clang in Northern Uganda has undermined and disrupted instruction through annihilation of substructure, supplanting of school communities, kid abductions, and demoralisation of instructors. This undertaking includes mother tongue instruction as a redress for the current low primary school registration, really short keeping and hapless larning result. in malice of traditional accent in Africa on direction in European linguistic communication, larning in initial old ages in female parent lingua is known to advantage the engagement and public presentation of kids and to hike parental engagement.Broad activitiesaˆ? Train instructors to utilize local linguistic communications successfully in the schoolroom aˆ? Support authors to make educational stuffs in local linguistic communications aˆ? recover kids ‘s literacy and life chances aˆ? power wider pattern and policyPurposes and expected resultsThis undertaking seeks to work with 240 school communities in Northern Uganda to hike meaningful entree to primary instruction for marginalized kids through the development and aid of female parent lingua instruction. This will keep up the authorities to use its adopted female parent lingua policy. It is every bit long as a feasible theoretical account, integrating preparation, resource growing and support which it can so implement and upscale in other countries. This overall program will lend to the realisation of the Millennium Development Goal of Universal Primary Education and gender par in six clang level territories of Northern Uganda. Better instruction will ease poorness through its part to the accretion of human capital, which is necessary for more incomes and uninterrupted economic growing. Undertaking activities duplicate the undermentioned schemes as like developing instructors, broadening the literate env ironment from side to side proviso of local linguistic communication stuffs, hiking parental and household engagement in misss ‘ schooling, intensification local authorities ability to decently supply a quality instruction for marginalized kids. It will be shared easy in print with a big group of people through communicating in original linguistic communications. This will let non-literate hapless people, particularly adult females and misss, to hike watchfulness about the right to educational entree and usage available print information in female parent lingua on their ain. By leting misss and parents, with a focal point on female parents in peculiar, to document their experiences in the female parent lingua. The undertaking will acquire better their entree to instruction and increase consciousness in the wider community of the significance of misss ‘ instruction.Scope of this planThe undertaking covers 6 territories of Gulu, Amuru, Arua, Koboko, Yumbe and Adjumani territory. The undertaking includes 40 UPE schools in each of the territory.Learn to populateThe undertaking aims at bettering parents ‘ literacy accomplishments and ability to take part to the full in the instruction of their kids. It adapts the household larning attack where parents are mobilized to larn jointly with their kids both at school and at place. Mothers are specifically targeted ( in order to turn to the gender spread ) during grownup literacy categories and besides mobilizes them to take part in kids – parent articulation larning Sessionss in schools. The adul t females particularly female parents are provided with local linguistic communication reading stuffs to utilize at place to better joint larning with their kids. Mother Tongue Educational stuffs turn toing different faculties ensuing from the national thematic course of study – specifically turn toing HIV/Aids content and showing misss and male childs positively are produced and used in categories and places to diminish the kid book ratio to a national coveted ratio of 1:6. LABE works with adult females force per unit area groups to asseverate force per unit area on the parents, community and local authorities to ordain bye Torahs to guarantee that kids – particularly girl children- enroll, stay and complete schools. It implements in the two territories of Gulu and Amuru both in northern Uganda.Family Sexuality Education ProjectThe undertaking ‘s overall purpose is to hike kids ‘s educational public presentation, keeping and completion particularly among the misss, during increased parents and instructors active engagement in their sexual generative wellness and rights instruction. The one twelvemonth Oxfam Novib support pilot that was implemented in 4 schools – communities of Yumbe and Koboko territories specifically aimed at ; Bettering the capacity of parents to positively pass on with their kids Sex and Reproductive Health issues Equiping parents with information and accomplishments to recommend for SRHR and rights of kids Bettering the capacity of female and male senior instructors to advocate kids with societal challenges at schoolAwareness On Children ‘s ( Especially Girls ‘ ) Right To Education CampaignIt is a 1 twelvemonth pilot undertaking implemented in 10 schools -communities of Arua territory with fiscal support from KIOS. It is of import end to make consciousness on the kids ‘s right to instruction ; supply the responsibility carriers to carry through their responsibility and the rights holders to demand for their rights. This undertaking works to do certain that 900 parents ( 65 % adult females ) 40 instructors and 10 school communities are cognizant of the aggression committed against Children particularly misss, at school, place and the community. These communities are supported to promote the Children ‘s ( particularly the girl-child ) right to education through the growing of Education regulations, wireless runs, preparations and sensitisations and adult females force group local response to VAC enterprise. The undertaking besides include engages local school policy shapers such as School Management Committees from the point out schools in one Sub County to increase consciousness on the kids ‘s right for the better acquisition environment both at school and at place. The undertaking is work in partnership with increasing Voices – utilizing the VAC stuffs to strongly recommend following to VAC both within and without the school environment Undertaking activities aim is to supplying information to recommend for kids ‘s right to instruction and a good acquisition environment, sensitisation on kids ‘s rights to instruction and a good acquisition environment and duties of instruction responsibility carriers ( caput instructors, School Management Committees, instructors, instruction officers every bit good as parents )Learning For Life ( Labe – Wch – Echo Bravo )It is bettering educational public presentation among kids, retain accomplishments, and facilitate kids and misss to remain put in school. To use these wide ends, LABE partnered with War Child Holland and Echo Bravo to implement three interconnected sub-projects. LABE is implementing family-based instruction programming to retrieve school public presentation and keeping rates by the preparation parent pedagogues and instructors in household larning techniques and pedagogical instruction methods, every bit good as mobilising parents for grownup literacy categories and to keep up kids ‘s educational activities. In this struggle Child offers psychological clasp up to youth, while Echo Bravo has apply catch-up instruction and accomplishments developing classs to back up community members who can non restart formal primary instruction. Learning for Life is being applied in 25 schools indoors five sub-counties of: Bobi, Paicho in Gulu and Koch Goma, Alero, Lamogi in Amuru territories with support from Oxfam NovibCourses, Semesters, & A ; Diplomas:It ‘s takes three old ages to go a unmarried mans degree at any East African university, Makerere University and Mbarara University are no opportunities. Degrees in medical specialty and veterinary scientific discipline take five old ages to finish, and technology demands four old ages to finish. Academic old ages begin October 1 and stop on June 30, or August 30 for four term classs. In the first twelvemonth of survey each pupil must take and go through three topics before being permission to progress to their 2nd twelvemonth of coursework. Lectures, treatments, and research labs are supplemented with tutorials and library surveies, research, and practical preparation. Undergraduate pupils have installations for relaxation, athleticss installations, chaplainships, we llness attention, and chances to take part in student authorities and societal nines. First grades are gettable in Fieldss such as medical specialty, jurisprudence, dental medicine, veterinary scientific discipline, agribusiness, technology, commercialism, statistics, societal work, forestry, doctrine, political scientific discipline, anthropology, sociology, geographics, literature, public disposal, economic sciences, music, dance, play, all right art, natural philosophies, chemical science, biological science, fauna, environmental surveies, mathematics, and computing machine scientific discipline, every bit good as linguistic communications ( English, French, German, Russian, Swahili, Luganda, and Lingala ) . Students can acquire either a grade, such as a unmarried man ‘s grade, maestro ‘s grade, or Ph.D. , or a sheepskin or certification. Certificate classs are including grownup instruction and library scientific discipline. It takes one twelvemonth to finish. Biennial sheepskin classs are supplying in library scientific discipline, music, dance, and play. The Islamic University suggest unmarried man ‘s grades in Islamic surveies, instruction, and medical specialty. Mbarara University of Science and Technology awards grades in development surveies, instruction, medical specialty, and applied scientific discipline. The Institute of Teacher Education at Kyambogo awards sheepskin in instruction to instructors who complete a biennial class. In this state so many institutes are award either certifications or sheepskin depending upon the continuance of coursework.Postgraduate & A ; Professional Training:Most maestro ‘s degree campaigners must run into residence necessit ies, take required classs, and compose a maestro ‘s these is based upon original research. Doctoral degree plans are besides have residence and less coursework demands, every bit good as a paper based upon original research. Students must fulfill their internal reappraisal commissions and external testers that they have mastered their topic. The M.D. and/or Ch.M. grade is awarded after finishing one twelvemonth of survey in front of the unmarried man ‘s of scientific discipline grade, and the doctor's degree of literature ( D. Lit. ) and D.Sc. are awarded after publication of work. For this state fees for tuition, research, and adjustments are free. Foreign pupils are required to pay one-year tuition and fees, and besides pay for research and thesis, every bit good as adjustment costs individuallyFood engineeringOn this favourable juncture, the School of Food Technology, Nutrition & A ; Bioengineering, College of Agricultural & A ; Environmental Sciences, Makerere Univer sity salutations and congratulates King Harald, Queen Sonja, Her Excellency the Ambassador and the whole people of Norway on taging their Constitutional Day. The School of Food Technology, Nutrition and Bioengineering is conceited to be associated with the Royal Government of Norway and the Norse Universities and growing bureaus. We take this chance to explicate their gratitude to NORAD, NUFU, The Norse University of Life Sciences and the full Norse people for their continued aid and favour in developing our research, preparation and out range capacity. Giving up of the School to national human resource requires that the school has trained over 2000 alumnuss at BSc, MSc and PhD degrees in assorted Fieldss of Food Technology. Human Nutrition and Bioengineering. Their alumnuss continue to do positive parts in the nutrient industry, agricultural mechanisation, agro-processing and public bureaus are employed, some of their successful enterprisers. The School is repackaging their preparation plans through beef uping and betterment of the practical, internship and entrepreneurship constituents to do their alumnuss for the challenges in their turning nutrient sub-sector. The suggest preparation plans In this include: For the Undergraduate: B.Sc. Food Science and Technology B.Sc. Human Nutrition and Dieteticss B.Sc. Agricultural Engineering For the Alumnus: MSc. Applied Human Nutrition, MSc. Food Science and Technology PhD. Program in several countries of Food Science, Human Nutrition & A ; Bioengineering Short classs: The School under their Skills Training Program for Small & A ; Medium Enterprises ( STRAP 4 SMEs ) runs specific short preparation classs in the country of nutrient processing, nutrition and irrigation that are custom made to run into the client ‘s demands. At that type of plan benefits young person enterprisers, future enterprisers, school departers, pupils on holiday, university alumnuss, and extra room workers. The preparation under STRAP 4 SMEs plan is conducted at both the University ‘s chief campus and clients ‘ site in English though local slangs may be second-hand where necessary. This plan has so distant trained over 130 participants in assorted nutrient processing engineerings. With support from Nordic states and Government of this state, the school continues to do growing in the country of research for development. In surplus of 15 nutrient processing engineering bundles have been built-up and are ready for uptake by industry. Research for development activities have besides contributed to capacity edifice for the School through: Staff preparation at PhD and MSc and changeless research Lab and processing substructure growing Constructing partnerships for engineering transportation and growing The capacity of edifice and growing has constant to beef up the School ‘s preparation, research and outreach plans. Government-University-Private Sector Partnership in engineering move & A ; enterprise growing. In 2009 the Government bigger support to the School through commissioning the Food Technology and Business Incubation Center ( FTBIC ) . The centre is a partnership between Government of this state, Makerere University and the private sector aimed at engineering exchange and advancing entrepreneurship in the nutrient sub-sector by supplying right of entry to processing installations and proficient clasp to foster immature enterprisers and endeavors. To this coating, the Government of this state supported the FTBIC with a UShs 4.5 billion grant to spread out the centre into a state-of-the-art capableness to excite and spread out feasible and competitory nutrient processing endeavors in the state. The centre focuses on alumnus young person by agencies of entrepreneurial po tency.InfrastructureUganda has made considerable development on its substructure docket in recent old ages. The early and winning ICT reform detonated a huge enlargement in nomadic coverage and incursion ensuing in a really much competitory market. Power sector restructuring has paved the manner for a rapid doubling of power production capacity. This state is making all right on the H2O and hygiene MDGs, and has made successful usage of public presentation catching to better public-service corporation public presentation. Though, a figure of important challenges remain. in malice of reforms, the power sector continues to shed blood resources due to under-pricing and high distribution losingss, while electrification rates are still really minimal. every bit long as equal resources for route care remains a face, and farther investing is needed to raise rural connectivity and retrieve route safety. In this state substructure challenges will necessitate sustained outgo of around $ 1.4 b illion per twelvemonth over the following decennary, strongly skewed towards capital outgo. In this state already spends about $ 1 billion per twelvemonth on substructure, equal to about 11 per centum of GDP. A farther $ 0.3 billion a twelvemonth is lost to inefficiencies, the mass of which are associated with underbracing and allotment losingss in the power sector. In this state the one-year substructure funding spread is about $ 0.4 billion per twelvemonth, most of which is linked with irrigation and besides H2O and sanitation substructure This state sees infrastructure spend buoying growing * Sets to the side $ 85.52 million to construct 700 MW dike * Aims to pare rising prices to individual figures in 2012/2013 KAMPALA, April 26 ( Reuters ) – This state rate of economic growing is predictable to increase somewhat during the following financial twelvemonth as the state ramps up investings in transit substructure, energy and instruction, the finance ministry said on Thursday.

Tuesday, October 22, 2019

Free Essays on Media And Child Pornography Laws

The Internet and Child Pornography Everyday millions of people get on their computers and surf the net. We can access things that are thousands of miles away in less than a minute. The Internet has made everything convenient to the world. Convenience is nice but is it safe. People can get away with breaking some forms of the law by using the Internet. Child Pornography is an issue that government and law official have been dealing since the launching of the Internet. Since the mid seventies law officials has made laws to protect children from being used by adults in porn. In 1977 the Sexual Exploitation of Children Act was put into Legislation. The law prohibits the use of a minor in the making of pornographic, picture of a minor, and the production and circulation of materials advertising child pornography. It is also prohibits the transfer, sale, purchase, and receipt of minors when the purpose of such transfer, sale, purchase, or receipt is to use the child or youth in the production of child pornography. Anothe r laws were made in 1984 The Child Protection Act of 1984defines anyone younger than the age of 18 as a child (U.S. code: title 18, Section 2251-2256). On November 18, 1988, the United States Congress enacted the Child Protection and Obscenity Enforcement Act (U.S Code: Title 18, Section 2251-2256) that made it unlawful to use a computer to transmit advertisements or visual depictions of child pornography and it prohibited the buying, selling, or otherwise obtaining temporary custody or control of children for the purpose of producing child pornography. On November 29, 1990, the U.S. Congress enacted U.S. Code: Title 18, Section 2252 making it a federal crime to possess three or more depictions of child pornography that were mailed or shipped in Interstate or foreign commerce or that was produced using materials that were mailed or shipped by any means, including by computer. With the passage of the Telecommunicat... Free Essays on Media And Child Pornography Laws Free Essays on Media And Child Pornography Laws The Internet and Child Pornography Everyday millions of people get on their computers and surf the net. We can access things that are thousands of miles away in less than a minute. The Internet has made everything convenient to the world. Convenience is nice but is it safe. People can get away with breaking some forms of the law by using the Internet. Child Pornography is an issue that government and law official have been dealing since the launching of the Internet. Since the mid seventies law officials has made laws to protect children from being used by adults in porn. In 1977 the Sexual Exploitation of Children Act was put into Legislation. The law prohibits the use of a minor in the making of pornographic, picture of a minor, and the production and circulation of materials advertising child pornography. It is also prohibits the transfer, sale, purchase, and receipt of minors when the purpose of such transfer, sale, purchase, or receipt is to use the child or youth in the production of child pornography. Anothe r laws were made in 1984 The Child Protection Act of 1984defines anyone younger than the age of 18 as a child (U.S. code: title 18, Section 2251-2256). On November 18, 1988, the United States Congress enacted the Child Protection and Obscenity Enforcement Act (U.S Code: Title 18, Section 2251-2256) that made it unlawful to use a computer to transmit advertisements or visual depictions of child pornography and it prohibited the buying, selling, or otherwise obtaining temporary custody or control of children for the purpose of producing child pornography. On November 29, 1990, the U.S. Congress enacted U.S. Code: Title 18, Section 2252 making it a federal crime to possess three or more depictions of child pornography that were mailed or shipped in Interstate or foreign commerce or that was produced using materials that were mailed or shipped by any means, including by computer. With the passage of the Telecommunicat...

Monday, October 21, 2019

Meteors and Comets Essays

Meteors and Comets Essays Meteors and Comets Essay Meteors and Comets Essay Meteors and Comets My topic for this book report is meteors and comets. In fact that is also the title of my book where I got this information from. The author of my book is Gregory L. Vogt. Three main facts that I have learned are when meteors travel through space they are no longer called meteors, they are now called meteoroids. How meteoroids are formed, and how scientists believe that comets are very old. I chose this topic because meteors and comets have always interested me, and because of Halleys Comet. Many people ask and think, why are meteors called meteoroids when they travel through space if they are the same thing? Its also the same thing as saying meteoroids that fall into Earths atmosphere are called meteors. The atmosphere is the layer of gasses that surrounds Earth. I wonder if the gasses ever changed anything. As in the shape, speed or heat. Some people call them rocks from the sky! Meteors are formed in two ways. Many come from asteroids. Others come from comets. Asteroids are large chunks of space rock. They are also called minor planets. Some meteoroids are the size of a piece of sand. Some can be as big as a house! Comets almost totally melt away after many orbits. But dust and grains from the comet keep moving around the sun. After the dust and grains fall into Earths atmosphere are meteors. So one part of why scientists think comets are very old is if one comets have orbited many times then it has to be old the other part is how they think comets ate pieces left from when the solar system began. This probably happened billion of years ago. Thats why scientists think that comets are very old! In conclusion these are some parts that I found interesting in my book. Other parts that I found interesting were how some people who lived long ago were afraid of comets, or when a meteor lands on Earth its called a meteorite. This was what I thought of my book.

Sunday, October 20, 2019

Basic Approaches And Contemporary Issues In Leadership Management Essay

Basic Approaches And Contemporary Issues In Leadership Management Essay The first complete contingency model for leadership was presented in 1967 by Fred Fiedler’s. His contingency hypothesis was the first to identify how situational factors interrelate with the traits and behaviors of leaders to have an impact on the effectiveness of leadership. The theory proposed that the â€Å"favorability† of the circumstances is what decides how effective the task and the behavior of the person-oriented leader will be. Favorability is established by (1) the amount of trust and respect that devotees or rather followers have for their leaders; (2) the degree to which the responsibilities of individuals who are second to the leader can be organized and the performance measured; and (3) the power that the leader has over the rewards of followers. The circumstances is most encouraging when subordinates have trust and respect for their leaders, respect and trust the leader, the job is greatly structured, and the control over rewards and punishment is held by the leader (Barnett, 2010). The research done by Fiedler showed that leaders who were task-oriented were more valuable and effective when there was either an extremely â€Å"favorable† or extremely â€Å"unfavorable† circumstance, however, leaders who were person-oriented were more valuable if the circumstances were either â€Å"moderately favorable,† or unfavorable.† This hypothesis did not really suggest that in various situations, the leader could become accustomed to their leadership styles, but rather that leaders who had various styles would be more valuable when they are put in situations that go with the leadership style that they prefer (Barnett, 2010). Fiedler is of the assumption that the leadership style of an individual is â€Å"fixed† because if the circumstance has a need for someone who is task-oriented but the person who is in that leadership position is relationship-oriented, then either the leader has to be changed or the situa tion needs to be altered (Robbins, and Position power: The leaders power by virtue of the position in the organization and the extent to which, as the leader, he or she can implement power on followers so that they obey and receive the leaders’ guidance and leadership (â€Å"Feidler’s contingency model,† 2009). Feidler’s position is that leader-member relations are either good or poor, task structure is either high or low and position power is either strong or week. The healthier the relationship between the leader and followers the more organized the job will be and the more resilient the position of power the more command the leader will have (Robbins, so the whether the intellect and know how of an individual has any bearing on the performance of leadership is determined by the level of stress. Other studies corroborated the fact that when the level of stress is low and the leader instructed followers on what he needed done, intellect was key to the effectiveness of the leader, but if the circumstance was a high stress one then intellect did not help as much because the leaders’ thought process was strained. In the same manner, if the leader does not tell his followers what he wants done then intellect do not help because of his reluctance (Robbins, & Judge, 2009). The recommendation of Feidler is that organizations employ and choose persons with the essential intellect, know how, and understanding, and then allow those individuals to work under those situations that let them use the resources that they have cognitively. Additionally, the feeling that the leader has of being in control of the circumstance and the level of stress that he is experiencing is essential (Carter, III, 2006).

Friday, October 18, 2019

Retail Design and Retail Merchandising Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Retail Design and Retail Merchandising - Thesis Example The retail business group has been at the receiving end of numerous innovations that are being produced in the process of the evolution of architectural features. Foremost of these are those new technologies and theories that will help attract new and retain current customers for future business operations. In addition, the profile of the modern customer has also evolved and diversified, demanding more from their purchases and more from the establishment that they get these merchandises from. The offshoot is that retail specific features have become essential to creating a competitive edge over business rivals. Generally, the two major design components that a retailers store must focus on are i) the physical design of the interior (walls, structures, etc.) and ii) The design of a favorable environment for effective visual communications.(Retail Systems, n.d.) Thus a good retail unit must be able to create the synergy between technologies and design to achieve optimal delivery of consumer service and increased margins in the business. Some of the specific inventions in retail system designs are (i) reliable and secure systems based on efficient automation and (ii) environmentally friendly and cost effective solutions (Salvador, et al., 2006). Every retail store needs to address multiple aspects of design issues ranging from systems that ensure customer retention to the mechanisms that effectively monitor shoplifting and employee pilferage. The most basic aspect in providing a memorable shopping experience for the customer is keeping the store and its surroundings neat and clean. Though thorough maintenance is the least expensive method in attracting and retaining the customers, it is found to be the most difficult to effectively implement and maintain. The above facts highlights why lighting is crucial in the design of the retail

Stem Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Stem Education - Essay Example Examples of interdisciplinary subjects that incorporate the four disciplines are aerospace engineering, chemistry, physics and mathematical biology. Aerospace is a branch that is concerned with designing, developing, researching, testing, science, construction and technology of airplanes or spacecrafts. It is an engineering branch that incorporates science, engineering, technology and mathematics in its functions. It relies upon science to explore, invent and discover new processes in aerospace science (Tooley, 2006). It also relies on algebra, calculus and equations in the field of mathematics. It relies on engineering by applying concepts in science in order to develop solutions and identify problems in aerospace science or engineering. It incorporates technology by reinventing and inventing new technological devices that can be relied upon in aerospace science. Chemistry deals with the structure, composition, alterations, composition and properties of matter. It is mainly concerned with molecules and atoms. It studies how molecules and atoms transform and interact. Chemistry combines mathematics and science subjects. It incorporates mathematics in its calculus (Stone, 2001). Lastly, chemistry is a science and relies upon scientific properties to study molecules and atoms. Physics is another science subject that mainly deals with energy and matter by looking at their properties and how they relate. Physics combines science and mathematics subjects or disciplines. It relies on mathematics in developing solutions to the problems faced in physics. Mathematics is highly regarded as an essential part of physics. It provides guidelines or a framework that can be applied in Physics (Breithaupt, 2001). Physics is a branch in the field of sciences. It, thus, carries out scientific researches and experiments. Mathematical Biology is a

English Exam Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

English Exam - Assignment Example The book focuses on African- American relationship of Jim a young man who lives in the Mississippi river. One of the major concerns is the use of the word ‘nigger,’ which is disliked by most readers and critics. In estimation, the word appears 215 times making the book to be banned from most of the classrooms in United States. The writing styles, the themes, and the language are not fit for the book to be used in a classroom setting. A major concern is the type of language used and the nature of racial discrimination that is illustrated by these pieces of arts (Born to Trouble). The books and the movies show in details the origin of the word ‘nigger’ and how the blacks were mistreated, hanged, and killed while being called the name. Adventures of Huckleberry Finn book is important as a historic book drawing a clear line on the treatment of the blacks by the whites. The book is most important in the curriculum since it clearly speaks and brings out the issue of racial discrimination, racial language, racial inequality, and many racial concerns that most white Americans fear and always avoid. It is for this reason that most of the parents and critics advocate for its banning. Twain himself shows a greater understanding of racism (Classic Literature). From these pieces of art, immorality has been expressed which is one of the shortcomings that has embraced most of the cities and states in the US. For example, Twain’s phrases that clearly indicate that the book is both immoral and vulgar in the way it presents itself hence not fit for the society. Twain writes, "Those idiots in Concord are not a court of last resort and I am not disturbed by their moral gymnastics.† From the Simpson’s we also observe cases of immorality especially when Homer the Heretic decides not to go to church but watch TV while drinking waffle batters and loafs while wearing his underwear. In addition to this, women have been used as symbols of sex and are observed as objects for sexual gratitude. For example, in the episode, I love Lisa, Lisa give Ralph a valentine’s card and Ralph interprets this as Lisa being in love with him. In the book the Custom of the Country, Ralph also considers Undine a sexual object. This is also widely shown with Twain in his book in abusive ways. Women have also been portrayed as lonely and hopeless people in these pieces of art. This is evident when Undine in the book Custom of the Country becomes pregnant and later neglects her son. This is because she did not like her in-laws and therefore felt so lonely to an extent of neglecting her own son. On the other hand, the Simpson season 4, Aunt Selma believes that getting a baby is the only way, which is able to relieve her of her loneliness. Question 2 Mad men season 1 themes of immorality, corruption, lies, and deception can be compared to Wharton’s The Custom of the Country. Peggy is suffering from sexual harassment from her male c olleagues at work. Peggy sleeps with Pete Campbell on his bachelor’s party just the eve before he gets married who is her junior accounts manager. On the other hand, Don is cheating on her depressed wife Betty. Roger Sterling is also cheating on his wife Mona. All these are cases of immorality in season 1 of the mad men. In comparison to The Custom of the Country Undine although married engage in an affair with Peter Van

Thursday, October 17, 2019

Contrasts on the Topic of Eros Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Contrasts on the Topic of Eros - Essay Example In a discussion of eros through the insights of Socrates and Phaedrus, the nature of the quest and the object of those desires are discovered in relationship to the framework of Plato. Within the speech that Socrates made in Phaedrus, he defined the meaning of the term eros as â€Å"a certain desire† (Rhodes 3). In this, it is suggested that the desire is without hesitation, a feeling in which the individual is driven towards the object of the desire without deviation. The desire is certain, it is clear with purpose of connectivity, both physical and mental. However, in the second speech, he begins to call it a yearning, which suggests that it is a pull towards something, a feeling based on the envy of want and without that same certainty that he has suggested in his first description. Eros, through its certainty or its capacity of yearning, is manifested in passion. If desire is the look towards fulfillment, then passion is the fulfillment of that anticipatory event of desire . The nature of eros, as it is associated with the god from whom it was given its context, eros is a potential that was placed within the human frame of emotions. It is the potential of developing feelings for others, the potential for the experience of connection. The placing of eros within the human framework was the work of the god Eros, but he use of it was left to the discretion of the individual. Therefore, an important part of the concept of eros is that it is potential, a intent that is defined by its affect on what will be, rather than what is (Phillips 21). Socrates describes the nature of the god Eros as the child of Poverty and Plenty, a descendent of extremes, and born with wisdom and a love of beauty. However, human beings do not have the innate benefit of wisdom, therefore it is the seeking of the object of desire that the gift of Eros exists. As a human being, love is not given automatically, but is the eventual outcome of the pursuit of love (Phillips 21). This also places eros as an intention, an outcome that is the event of hope in which within that hope is placed a pursuit that will end in love. It is the quest that each human being attends towards finding a way to be consumed in the human experience of extension into partnership with another human being, which then spreads to interconnections of family and procreation of life. Socrates also connects eros to the love of wisdom. Phillips quotes Socrates for having said â€Å"wisdom is a most beautiful thing, and love is of the beautiful† (21). Phillips states â€Å"The most beautiful thing one can love, according to Socrates, is wisdom. We demonstrate this most beautiful love in our striving to become wise† (21). This leads to the quest for the human excellence in the form of arete. While some definitions of arete are centered on the notion of being an expert and highly skilled in a vocation, it can also define attaining a level of excellence as a human being (Dominik 206). The refore, eros can be seen outside of the realm of the erotic, as a pursuit of wisdom and within the pursuit of the nature of the self. However, eros more often involves an object of the pursuit, as eros is the quest, the object is the target of that quest. Once again, the definition of the object becomes the subject of concern. It would be considered most obvious to place the concept of the object on a person

Constitutional and Administrative Law (UK) Essay

Constitutional and Administrative Law (UK) - Essay Example The Cabinet is selected by the Prime Minister and is made up f between 20-24 government ministers who are responsible for running the departments of state and deciding government policy. The most senior members f the Cabinet are the Deputy Prime Minister, Foreign Secretary, Chancellor f the Exchequer and Home Secretary. Also, Members of parliament who are 'Parliamentary Private Secretaries' - unpaid assistants to ministers - there are about 110 members f the Government in all. With this in mind, the Cabinet represents about one-fifth f the whole Government. All Cabinet ministers must be members f parliament, either the Commons or the Lords. Most come from the Commons, but there must be some members from the Lords who can represent Cabinet there. Since the Lord Chancellor and Leader f the House f Lords are automatic members, there can be no fewer than two representatives from the Lords. The framework f the cabinet can be described as, " to take or review the major decisions (f Government), to consider (though not necessarily at the formative stage) any proposals which might affect the future of the Government, and to ensure that no departmental interests are overlooked, thus giving the work f the government a measure f unity" (Mackintosh, J.1977). The United Kingdom can be seen as a Cabinet government in that the Cabinet m

Wednesday, October 16, 2019

Contemporary issues in human resource management Assignment

Contemporary issues in human resource management - Assignment Example The study aims at highlighting the contemporary issues involved in human resource management, such as discriminations, job stress, safety issues, emotional labour, diversity, and employee burnout. In this report specifically the issue of Virgin Australia Airline has been chosen and their new policy of not allowing male passengers to sit beside children, as they are considered unsafe. This policy was regarded as a discrimination approach of Virgin Airlines, by its male customer. In such cases the role of human resource management and the department needs to be evaluated. Human resource management (HRM) plays a very important role in the development of modern economies. The difference between developed and developing countries lies in difference in their human resources, otherwise most of the resources are same. It has been seen that though exploiting the financial, physical, natural resources are very important in modern times, but none of them are as important as committed and efficient work force. It is often said that most of the development come from the human minds (Robbins, and Coulter, 2008, p. 366-367). The traditional importance of HRM was due to the recruitment and selection process which they handled, but now a strategic approach of HRM in administration, personnel management and other accomplishments have made the role of HRM momentous in organizations. There are numerous additional roles that the human resource department of the company has to supervise along with staffing and selection of the employees. These roles includes training the employees, monitoring performance of the employee for appraisal, job analysis, ascertaining the remuneration for a particular job position.., allotting incentives for good performance, taking care of the employee benefit policies of the company, acting as a communication channel between the employees and the top level management, developing employee welfare, safety and health care plans, taking care of promotions, transfers, maintaining industrial relationships, handling the issues of the Trade Union, solving disputes within the employees or departments, assessing the ethical issues in the department or organization, etc (Aswathappa, 2008, p. 5-6). The human resource department also has the responsibility to ensure that gender discrimination does not prevail in the organisation on the basis of gend er, according to the Civil Rights Act 1964 (Kurtz, and Boone, 2008, p. 54). Problem Areas This section involves the contemporary issues of human resource with respect to Virgin Australia Airline. The company has recently reviewed its policies in which they have restricted men to sit beside children on the flights. The policy

Constitutional and Administrative Law (UK) Essay

Constitutional and Administrative Law (UK) - Essay Example The Cabinet is selected by the Prime Minister and is made up f between 20-24 government ministers who are responsible for running the departments of state and deciding government policy. The most senior members f the Cabinet are the Deputy Prime Minister, Foreign Secretary, Chancellor f the Exchequer and Home Secretary. Also, Members of parliament who are 'Parliamentary Private Secretaries' - unpaid assistants to ministers - there are about 110 members f the Government in all. With this in mind, the Cabinet represents about one-fifth f the whole Government. All Cabinet ministers must be members f parliament, either the Commons or the Lords. Most come from the Commons, but there must be some members from the Lords who can represent Cabinet there. Since the Lord Chancellor and Leader f the House f Lords are automatic members, there can be no fewer than two representatives from the Lords. The framework f the cabinet can be described as, " to take or review the major decisions (f Government), to consider (though not necessarily at the formative stage) any proposals which might affect the future of the Government, and to ensure that no departmental interests are overlooked, thus giving the work f the government a measure f unity" (Mackintosh, J.1977). The United Kingdom can be seen as a Cabinet government in that the Cabinet m

Tuesday, October 15, 2019

Source Question on Public Health Reform 1832-1853 Essay Example for Free

Source Question on Public Health Reform 1832-1853 Essay Sources B and C mainly provide similar evidence for attitudes towards Public Health and the dangers of an outbreak of disease in 1849 because they both agree that public health in certain areas were much worse than those which were affected by the new Public Health Act. This is clear because Source B refers to, â€Å"We live in muck and filthe† and Source C refers to, â€Å"We also want sewers and an ample supply of water†. They also both agree that there are dangers of an outbreak of disease in 1849 for Source B refers to, â€Å"if the Cholera comes lord help us† and in Source C, the author claims that, â€Å"without which no efficient sanitary measures can be carried out†, which is referring to the anxiety of disease. Both Sources B and C offer similar evidence because they are both written for the same cause. Sources B and C were both written by people who wanted the Public Health Act to affect their local community due to the poor conditions and danger of disease in their areas. They are also both written at very similar dates, Source B having been written in 1848 and Source C having been written in 1849. This is important because public health at this time was known to be dreadful and both give a good insight towards the dangers of an outbreak of disease in 1849. They also both have the same purpose, for they were written for the intention of having the Public Health Act applied to their local areas (both signed by other locals who wanted the Act enforced), meaning that similar evidence would be involved in inquiring for the act. These similarities make Source C more valuable as evidence for attitudes towards Public Health and the dangers of an outbreak of disease in 1849 because the petition in Source C was signed by 164 people, whereas Source B was signed by 54 people. However, there are some differences between Sources B and C as evidence for attitudes towards Public Health and the dangers of an outbreak of disease in 1849. Firstly, both sources provide different evidence, for Source B gives a greater sense of desperation and fear, whereas Source C does not give as much of a sense of desperation. This can be seen when Source B refers to, â€Å"livin in a wilderness so far as the rest of London knows anything of us† whereas Source C only states that, â€Å"Unlike elsewhere there appears to be a very favourable feeling towards to its (the Public Health Act) adoption†. The sources are also written very differently. Source B is written with many spelling mistakes and bad grammar, whereas Source C is written in a more formal tone without any spelling mistakes or bad grammar The main reason why the sources offer different evidence is because they are written by two people from very different backgrounds. Source B is written by someone who has clearly not been educated very well as the letter is written in poor English. This makes the source more valuable as evidence for the attitudes towards Public Health and the dangers of an outbreak of disease in 1849 because it comes from someone who sounds more desperate. Whereas, Source C is written by an active local Poor Law Guardian a middle class man or above, and has been educated. Due to the tone being formal, desperation for the Public Health Act does not come through as clearly as Source B therefore it is not as valuable evidence for the attitudes towards Public Health and the dangers of an outbreak of disease in 1849. Source B offers more useful evidence the Source C because not only does it describe conditions of the public health problems and bring across the anxiety of an outbreak of disease in 1849, but also presents more of a sense of desperation due to the illiteracy of the author, for example, â€Å"The stenche of their gully hole is disgustin We all of us suffer and numbers are ill†. Source B is also reliable because it comes from someone who is clearly more desperate for better public health conditions due to the tone. Source C is just as reliable for a ‘Board’ was secured and he was assisted by Chadwick’s favoured engineer. Overall, Source B is more useful than Source C as evidence for attitudes towards Public Health and the dangers of an outbreak of disease in 1849 because it describes the public health conditions of his area in greater detail than Source C, and, his evidence is typical to the conditions described at the time. However, together, they provide valuable evidence because both corroborate that public health at the time was appalling and that there were dangers of an outbreak of disease in 1849.

Monday, October 14, 2019

Why Do Conservatives Put An Emphasis On Tradition Politics Essay

Why Do Conservatives Put An Emphasis On Tradition Politics Essay In this essay I am going to attempt to answer the question enclosed in the title of this paper. First I will define the term conservatism; secondly I will present conservatism seen from different perspectives, such as traditional and modern conservatives. My investigation will then focus on attempting to answer the title question. In the last part I will construct an answer to the second question enclosed above and conclude with my own opinion on the subject matter. The term Conservative and Conservatism has been widely described and defined in literature. This depends on the area of the subject it has been elaborated upon. The concept of conservatism has always been controversial in a sense.  [1]  A conservative is disposed to preserve existing conditions, institutions, etc., or to restore traditional ones, and to limit change  [2]  . This can be seen as a way of favouring traditional views and values and tending to oppose change. This has been the foundation of conservatives throughout history and still being upheld in todays world and society. As an ideological and social system conservatism is characterised by the preservation of the existing conditions of society, including the polity, from significant changes, as well as restoration of a pre-existing social state to substitute for a non-conservative, notably liberal one. Therefore conservatism, when redefined can be segmented into several types such as; political, economic, social or cultural.  [3]  Huntington brings the view of conservatism seen through aristocratic theory as the ideology of a single and unique historical movement. (Huntington, 1957; 454) He further explores other theories which relate to specific classes in society. Liberalism is the ideology reserved for bourgeoisie; Socialism and Marxism are regarded as ideologies of the working class or proletariat whereas the Conservatism becomes the ideology of the aristocracy. (Huntington, 1957; 454) The doctrines of conservative belief derive from both Tory and Whig thought  [4]  . They contain a belief of loyalty to the rule of law, property ownership, upholding institutions, belief in organic nature of society and limited government.  [5]   Notably in England conservatism has become part of political speech around 1830. David Hume is often portrayed as the first conservative political theorist. He was the first major thinker to offer a philosophical defence of conservatism. Hume rejects the idea that the reason goes above what can be observed. In Humes view morality is concerned with action for a persons motives or reasons for action whether an act is right or wrong. Hume further argues that sentiment is a pre-rational feeling towards somebody or something. (Hoffman and Graham, 2009; 202) Conservative thinker Edmund Burke does not accept abstractions, such as the natural right proclaimed by the French Revolutionaries in 1789. Burke defends habit, taste and prejudice. For Burke, the knowledge of other people, including previous generations, is the resource that must be highly respected and followed if we are to avoid disastrous social consequences. Burke in Reflection on the Revolution in France compares contrasts societ ies- French which has neglected prejudice in favour of theory and British, which has remained close to its traditions :(..)that we have made no discoveries, and we think that no discoveries are to be made, in morality; not many in the great principles of government, nor in the ideas of liberty, which were understood long before we were born, altogether a well as they will be after the grave has heaped its mould upon our presumption, and the silent tomb shall have imposed its law on our pert loquacity. (Burke, 1969; 84 in Hoffman Graham 2009; 202) Burke was on the side of what he saw as Britains Great Tradition in political history. (Nisbet 1986; 4) Tory Party was older and favoured by the monarchy and much of aristocracy. Turning to the past for inspiration and for models on which to base policy in the present is deeply embedded in the conservative tradition and is sufficient reason for liberal and radical epithets of reactionary or anarchic. Emile Faguet refers to all of the conservatives as prophets from the past. (Nisbet 1986; 18) Nisbet refers to Churchills emphasis on relating to past in the following I like to live in the past; I dont think people are going to get much fun in the future. (Nisbet 1986; 19) For Burke legitimacy is the work of history and of traditions which go far beyond the resources of any single generations. (Nisbet 1986; 23) To see things authentically as a conservative Mannheim writes () is to experience events in term of an attitude derived from circumstances and situations anchored in the past. (Ni sbet 1986; 23) The concreteness of experience and history is persisting conservative emphasis. (Nisbet 1986; 24) Strauss is regarded as an important influence on what is called neo- conservatism. His view on conservatism is very different to that of Hume, Burke and Oakeshott. Strauss sought to revive both, the reading of text in the history of political thought and the natural right tradition. Use of Tory by modern British Conservatives has been somewhat more affection than anything really substantive. (Nisbet, 1986; 11) Jeremy Bentham and his utilitarian philosophy reject Enlightenment, French Revolution and all philosophers of natural right. He said the past is of no use. (Nisbet, 1986; 17) Michael Oakeshott was one of the most important conservative thinkers of the 20th Century. Oakeshott offered a critique of modern conservatives, who in fact are liberal rationalists. A rationalists stands for independence of mind on all occasions, for thought free from obligation to any authority as he puts it save the authority of reason. (Oakeshott 1962:1 in Hoffman and Graham 2009; 203) The rationalist rejects Burkean prejudice, custom and habit. He believes that it is possible to reason about political institutions and the fact that something exists, and has existed in past, is no justification for respecting or retaining it. This lack of respect causes a political attitude of radical change rather than gradual reform. The rationalist disrespect for institution extends to the world of ideas; instead of a careful engagement with the complex intellectual traditions that have shaped western societies. (Oakeshott 1962; 7 in Hoffman and Graham 2009; 205) Tradition is a practice or institution that has continuedx through time and has been inherited from an earlier period.  [6]  Conservatives have defended tradition of different grounds. For some conservatives, tradition reflects their religious faith. If the world is thought to have been fashioned by a creator, traditional customs and practices in society should be regarded as God given. Therefore to change the tradition or natural laws would be to challenge the will of God. However after the acceleration of historical change old traditions were replaced by new ones. Man-made laws were being created such as universal suffrage and free elections. This certainly weakened fundamentalist conservatism. Most conservatives, however, support tradition without needing to argue it has divine origins. Burke for example, describes society as a partnership between those who are living, those who are dead and those who are to be born. (Nisbet, 1986; 23) Nisbet uses Chestertons quote, who claims that tradition means giving votes to the most obscure of all classes: our ancestors. It is democracy of the dead. Tradition refuses to submit to the arrogant oligarchy of those who merely happen to be walking about. (Nisbet, 1986; 24)Tradition is therefore seen by conservatives as wisdom of the past. The institutions and traditions have been tested by time, and therefore should be preserved for the benefits of future generations. In a sense, conservatives take a Darwinian view on tradition, that tradition has gone through a period of natural selection and has only survived because it has worked and been found of real value. (Nisbet, 1986; 28) An example of this is the British Monarchy. As historical wisdom and experience is gained from it, as well as gives a focus of national loyalty, it should be preserved. In this sense, tradition also generates a feeling of identity for society and individuals. (Hoffman and Graham 2009; 213) As traditional practices can be recognised from generation to generation, it allows people to feel a sense of belonging. Change on the other hand is like walking into unknown and is therefore dangerous because it creates a feeling of insecurity and uncertainty, in fact threatening happiness. Tradition is therefore seen as fundamental principle of conservatism. (Hoffman and Graham 2009; 214) The philosophy of traditionalism is selective. A tradition must come from the past but it must be also desirable in itself. It is our link with the past. There is another attribute of conservative respect of the old and traditional; belief that no matter how archaic a given structure or modern may be, there may be in it a continuity, still vital, function that man profits from; psychologically or sociologically. (Nisbet 1986; 27) T.S Elliot in his essay on individual talent and tradition has written as confirmed traditionalist as well as revolutionist in poetic form and imaginary. The individual talent is simply impotent, condemned to spinning of wheels without a chosen tradition to work with. (Nisbet, 1986; 29) The Conservative Party is the mean in todays society through which Conservatism is introduced into publics spheres. It has a set of beliefs that comprise British Conservatism and those beliefs that have been preserved and developed over time by Conservative thinkers and politicians. However looking at the recent years it is clear that the link between conservation and development of those beliefs and policies has not been very close as it should have been. Having analysed the above areas of conservatism it is clear in a sense that todays Conservatism and Conservative Party is not really conservative. Margaret Thatchers government 1979-1990 was rather rationalist if we analyse it in Oakeshotts view. (Hoffman and Graham 2009; 206) For Oakeshott experience comes with tradition, therefore rationalism for him is the politics of the inexperienced. (Hoffman and Graham 2009; 207) The contemporary significance of traditional conservatism is seen less as an active ideology. Current conservativ e party is no longer fully conservative, but heading towards more of a liberal approach which is their source of ideas. (Hoffman and Graham 2009; 208) It can be argued that there has been a significant shift in policies and philosophy of Conservative party under David Camerons leadership.  [7]  He has adopted a significantly different approach to his predecessors which can be characterised by focusing on new areas of concern, avoiding specific commitments, considering better policy options and being more value-oriented than in former Parliaments.  [8]   In my opinion conservatives party and its internal disputes are clear reflection of the contradicting interests present within their ideology. Having in mind that conservative view presents that society does not exist, and the world is only a collection of self-seeking, egotistic individuals I do not believe they are able to invent a coherent way of thinking and going forward with a positive and constructive outlook upon the future. The fact that conservatives seem to be emphasising tradition and history of good times, praising the life and the level of society was during previous decades, will not improve but hinder their progression. I believe by looking backward to the past, conserving the reality cannot be perceived as it really is, but as it would like to be seen from the past perspective. I believe any modern ideology; system has to be addressed to current affairs and relevant to present issues and look forward to the future, rather than the past. However having said that it is clearly noticeable that modern conservative party is collaborating with Liberal-Democrats seems to be a new beginning or transformation that might bring positive results for the people and State.