Industrial Agriculture Essay

Research Question: Should the governments set standards for the food producing multinational companies to ensure the safety of its citizens and the environment? Introduction As a necessary part of human survival, food is a human right. Small, local family farms were the bedrock of traditional rural communities and the global food security which was the ability of countries to produce the food they need to survive in a more sustainable way. Yet the global food supply is increasingly falling under the control of giant multinational corporations with policies that are not environmentally sustainable. Sustainable agriculture preserves biodiversity, maintains soil fertility and water purity, conserves and improves the chemical, physical and biological qualities of the soil, recycles natural resources and conserves energy. Furthermore, sustainable agriculture produces diverse forms of high quality foods, fibers and medicines. Likewise, this system respects the ecological principles of diversity and mutually dependent and uses the understandings of modern science to improve rather than displace the traditional wisdom accumulated over centuries by countless farm ers around the world. Although the food industry encompasses all those who are involved in growing, processing, manufacturing or distributing food, from the farm to retail shops and restaurants, the threat to human health and the environment is ignored. The major problem is that there is not a sustainable agriculture system anymore with the start of the â€Å"Green Revolution† in Mexico. Sustainable agriculture is a model of social and economic organization based on an fair and participatory vision of development which recognizes the environment and natural resources as the foundation of economic activity. Agriculture is sustainable when it is ecologically sound, economically possible, culturally appropriate and based on a general scientific approach. The global corporatization of agriculture has had disastrous effects on farmers, food security, and the environment. To minimize these effects, governments of the world should set policies for the companies that produce food in order to protect their citizens’ health and for a more sustainable environment. Pesticides Industrial Agriculture contaminates fruits, vegetables and water with pesticides. Pesticides have been known to start illnesses and contribute to the increase of deaths caused by diseases. They seep into the soil which creates contamination of the crops produced and the nearby water sources. They are a costly and a time consuming form of insecticides and herbicides to clean. They are used greatly and without proper regulation in the entire agricultural environment. Standards for toxicological and microbiological hazards, and instituting procedures and practices to ensure that the standards are met should be set. In his writings, the Andrew Kimbrell shows evidence about this problem, â€Å"Since 1989, overall pesticide use has risen by about 8 percent, or 60 million pounds†(Kimbrell 11). This article was written in 2002. At the present year, 2012, this number has undoubtedly increased. Issues here include leaching of nutrients and pesticides, water extraction and drainage and f looding. Contamination of both ground and surface waters caused by high levels of production and use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers is a serious problem, particularly in areas of livestock or specialized crop production. Agricultural practices have been found to contribute to non-point source water pollutants that include: sediments, fertilizers (nitrates and phosphorus), pesticides, and manures. Pesticides from every chemical class have been detected in groundwater and are commonly found in groundwater beneath agricultural areas which are widespread in surface waters. These reduce the water quality which impacts agricultural production, drinking water supplies, and fishery production. The deaths that are caused by chemicals and the risk of cancer would increase. â€Å"Many popular pesticides appear capable of compromising the body’s ability to fight an infection, an extensive study finds. If true, pesticide use ‘could be a hidden killer’ – especially in developing countries, ‘where infections are a leading cause of death,’ says Robert Repetto, vice president of the Washington D.C. based World Resources Institute ( WRI) and a co-author of the new report† (Science News 1). A progressive budget system can be developed in order to support research on production of healthy food. Another solution is to determine and evaluate the chemicals that exist in the agricultural environment. Certain criteria such as evaluating statistics of illness and death caused by these chemicals, how government officials are regulating pesticidal use, and establishing alternmative methods of living need to be included when evaluating this dilemma. Genetically Modified Products Genetically modified products are not natural and increases the risk of cancer. These products are both plants and animals. For plants, the genetics of the crops are changed in order repel insects and other unwanted weeds to increase yield. However, the changing of the genetics make these crops unnatural which is a potential threat to human health. The genetic modification for animals are done in a different way, but it has the same goal as the plants. To meet the need for the unlimited goods, scientists have found ways to either increase the body mass of an animal for more meat or to increase the amount of milk that could be obtained from cows at an unnatural level. Corporations such as Monsanto not only are in control of the crops, but also the dairy industry. Cows are given chemicals to increase production of milk, but the milk causes cancer. â€Å"In 1994, the FDA approved the sale of Monsanto’s controversial GE recombinant Bovine Growth Hormone (rBGH) — injected into dairy cows to force them to produce more milk — even though scientists warned that significantly higher levels (400-500% or more) of a potent chemical hormone, Insulin-Like Growth Factor (IGF-1), in the milk and dairy products of injected cows, could pose serious hazards for human breast, prostate, and colon cancer† (Cummins). These chemical hormones are serious risks of cancer. Drinking something natural as milk should not be harmful for a person. If nothing is done in order to prevent such a dilemma, the risk of cancer would increase for everyone because dairy products are an important part of person’s dietary needs. To solve this problem, an independent body of organization can be established which would be authorized to test and develop standards on food production. Also for international organizations developing safet y standards to ban any trade agreement which products contain genetically modified substances. The Environmental Damage Industrial agriculture have replaced the family farm practices which were mostly sustainable and also taken an extra toll on the environment that is not reflected in consumer prices. The currently dominant system of industrial agriculture impacts the environment in many ways. It uses huge amounts of water, energy, and chemicals, often with little regard to long-term adverse effects. The overuse of fertilizers and chemicals, overgrazing, and the unenforced regulation of factory farm dumping of agricultural byproducts such as excrement and pesticides into rivers and streams all damage the quality of air, water, and soil, which are of everyone’s shared resources. Irrigation systems are pumping water from reservoirs faster than they are being recharged. Water scarcity in many places is due to overuse of surface and ground water for irrigation with little concern for the natural cycle that maintains stable water availability. Toxic herbicides and insecticides are accumulating in gr ound and surface waters. Chemical fertilizers are running off the fields into water systems where they generate damaging blooms of oxygen-depleting microorganisms that disrupt ecosystems and kill fish. â€Å"In Chesapeake Bay, native sea grasses, fish, and shellfish populations have declined dramatically in number in the last few decades due to extremely high nitrogen and phosphorous levels caused by the excessive use of chemical fertilizers†(Kimbrell 30). Agriculture’s environmental impact has grown since farmers became dependent on chemical pesticides and fertilizers. Since the 1950s, fertilizer and pesticide use has increased substantially worldwide. If the hazardous chemicals are overused, the ecological balance in nature would be at risk. Many of the negative effects of industrial agriculture extend far from fields and farms. For example, in the United States of America, nitrogen compounds from Midwestern farms, travel down the Mississippi river to damage coastal fisheries and create a large â€Å"dead zone† in the Gulf of Mexico where aquatic life cannot survive. But other adverse effects are showing up within agricultural production systems themselves with the overuse of herbicides and insecticides which has led to rapidly developing resistance among pests that is rendering these chemicals increasingly ineffective. Agriculture’s link to global climate change is just beginning to be appreciated. Destruction of tropical forests and other native vegetation for agricultural production has a role in elevated levels of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. The governments should pass laws that standarizes the use of these chemicals to protect the environment. Laws and regulations on sanitary standards should guarantee high quality and safe food for consumers and the environment. Other Side of the Argument There are also positive sides to the development of industrial agriculture which people such as Norman Borlaug says that biotech in agriculture will not harm biodiversity. Norman Borlaug, who is the father of the â€Å"Green Revolution† which started in the 1940’s was the main starting point of the industrial agriculture we have today. Borlaug claims, â€Å"If we grow our food and fiber on the land best suited to farming with the technology that we have and what’s coming, including proper use of genetic engineering and biotechnology, we will leave untouched vast tracts of land, with all of their plant and animal diversity† (Bailey 6). However, the problems that the Green Revolution or industrial agriculture itself has brought and will bring most indubitably outweigh the benefits. One of the core things the Green Revolution has brought was the high-yielding seeds, fertilizers and irrigation projects. Nevertheless, most high-yielding seeds use up more energy to process because most varieties are not resistant to drought and new diseases. This leads to the use of heavy applications of expensive fertilizers and pesticides. And then expensive herbicides must be used because fertilizers not only stimulate plant growth but also weed growth. These heavy doses of many chemicals end up ruining the soil.This agricultural system is not environmentally sustainable, it only provides enough resources in the short run. Conclusion A number of food control problems are currently being debated at the national and international levels, regarding genetically modified foods, contaminants (including pesticides), irradiation and nutrition labelling. There is an apprehension about the consequences for the quality and safety of the food supply concerning the increasing use of pesticides and drugs, as well as introducing genetically-modified organisms.There are many solutions for this crisis because food is a human right that demands the governments to set national policies to encourage food security. For example, local and diverse production of food should be supported by the governments and companies to guarantee satisfactory and accessible nutrition for all citizens. Governments must maintain the ability to pass laws for the national safety of their population to ensure food sovereignty. For governments, there is the need for enforceable standards that are convincing for both consumers and the industry. The industry needs standards that permit flexibility and efficiency in producing and marketing foods that will serve their customers because it is important for consumers that food control system provide meaningful protection against real and important hazards. Consumers can play a critical role in creating a sustainable food system. Through their purchases, they send strong messages to producers, retailers and others in the system about what they think is important. Food cost and nutritional quality have always influenced consumer choices. The challenge now is to find strategies that broaden consumer perspectives, so that environmental quality, resource use, and social equity issues are also considered in shopping decisions. Finally, new policies and institution must be created to enable producers using sustainable practices to market their goods to a wider public. Work Cited Bailey, Jay. â€Å"Billions Served: Norman Borlaug interviewed by Ronald Bailey†. Reason Magazine. April 2000 Cummins, Ronnie. â€Å"Hazards of Genetically Engineered Foods and Crops: Why We Need A Global Moratorium†. Motion Magazine. August 29, 1999. < http://www.inmotionmagazine.com/geff4.html> Kimbrell, Andrew. â€Å"The Tragedy of Industrial Agriculture†. Island Press. 2002 Rosset, Peter. â€Å"Lessons from the Green Revolution† Grove Press. April 8, 2000 Raloff, Johnathan. â€Å"Pesticides May Challenge Human Immunity†. Science News. 9 March 1996.

The Cask of Amontillado and Annabell Lee

Sloan Davis EH223 Rita Treutel 12-4-10 â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† > â€Å"Annabell Lee† Edgar Allan Poe is arguably the best romantic writer we have ever seen. I believe â€Å"Annabell Lee† and â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† are perfect examples of Romantic Literature. â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† and â€Å"Annabell Lee† both possess romantic subject matter, attitudescomma and techniques commabut â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† has been called the â€Å"perfect short story† by a number of critics of the years, and I would undoubtedly agree. The Cask of Amontillado† begins with a strong characterization and mood continuing throughout the entire story. It stresses strong grotesque and gothic themes of terror and even encounters the universal fear of the unknown, making the story appealing to virtually everyone. Montresor makes a very interesting comment in the beginning of the story, â€Å"†¦. and he did not perce ive that my smile now was at the thought of immolation. † From the beginningcomma Montresor had grotesque thoughts of what he wanted Fortunto’s fate to be.Montresor committed premeditated murder. â€Å"Annabell Lee,† also has romantic subject matter but it is an interest in the past. Even though both works by Poe have romantic subject matter â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† draws the reader in with every sentence packed full of romanticism that never even gives the reader a chance to put the story down. In both works, Poe does a wonderful job of not focusing on details of location. He tells the reader just enough to get them hooked and leaves the reader hanging without details. The Cask of Amontillado† automatically gives the reader a vague view of the situation. Poe begins with, â€Å"The thousand injuries of Fortunato I had borne as I best could, but when he ventured upon insult I vowed revenge. † What are the â€Å"thousand injuries† t hat Montresor is talking about that Poe never reveals throughout the story? In the second line, â€Å"You, who so well know the nature of my soul†¦,† we are once again given vague details. Who knows Montresor so well that they know his soul?Is Montresor retelling this story after it has taken place? If so, to whom would he share such a dark secret? These questions are ones that make this story so captivating. The sense of mystery invites readers to dive deeper in the world that Poe has created. Poe also gives the same sense of mystery in â€Å"Annabell Lee† by giving no specific time and setting; just a vague visual in the first two lines, â€Å"It was many and many a year ago, In a kingdom by the sea.. ,† once again raising questions that have no answer.I believe the sense of mystery is emmensely stronger in â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado,† further proving itself as the â€Å"perfect short story. † In the poem, â€Å"Annabell Lee,† Poe digs deep into emotions, rather than reasoning. In the poem He his love for Annabell Lee was so strong that it made the angels jealous of their love. In the fifth stanza, my favorite line of the poem, â€Å"And neither the angels in heaven above, nor the demons down under the sea, can ever dissever my soul from the soul of the beautiful Annabell Lee. The stress on emotion is so beautifully written, and Poe does an amazing job of making the reader feel, relate and understand the love for Annabell Lee. â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† also has strong emotion. Montresor vows to get revenge for the wrongs that Fortunato did to him, whether it was all in Montresor’s head or it is reality. I find it very interesting in the last paragraph of the â€Å"The Cask,† Montresor says his heart grew sick after the deed was complete, is he feeling remorseful or simply sad that it is over and he received no more pleasure from his revengeful act.

Comparative Management Analysis of Two Firms. (Biogenta and Outback Assignment

Comparative Management Analysis of Two Firms. (Biogenta and Outback INC) - Assignment Example Comparative Analysis of Both Firms Organizational design and structure Organizational design and structure is main standing base of any corporation operating on a global and local level. If we look at the two scenarios both the companies are completely different in their perspective and focus of production but the nature of work demands innovation nonetheless (Mcfowler 2001). Organizational design and structure mainly consists of six major elements. These six elements consist of work specialization, departmentalization, chain of command, span of control, centralization or decentralization, formalization and traditional designs (Mcfowler 2001). Work specialization In terms of work specialization in organizations the term refers to how much pressure is put on to individuals within the organizations how through different processes each task is carried out. In both the organizations assigned to analyze each had an effective system of recruiting the most talented and skilled staff for the job but the problem for Outback lies in the external environmental forces too (Carroll 1985). The tourism industry is facing a shortfall because of which Australia requires a good number of 42,000 people by 2015. In such a scenario the staff hired should be valued and considered as an asset to the organization whereas the company is applying paternalism to the structure which is de motivating the staff to come up their ideas for revolution and change (Carroll 1985). On the other hand Biogenta is promoting its staff and making efficient use of its human capital by employing them in cross functional teams and making the best use of them (Carroll 1985). Departmental ization Both the organizations Biogenta and Outback have similar division of departments such as finance, marketing, human resource and support (Gitman and Mc Daniel 2009). Among the many types of departmentalization Biogenta chooses to go about product departmentalization and goes for cross functional teams and virtual teams from various departments to cater to different tasks. The good part about it is that it initiates a good flow of information within departments and the negative aspect is that it can only be applied to a limited category of products (Gitman and Mc Daniel 2009). As far as the case of Outback product departmentalization is applied to increase the levels of the system to satisfy family issues because of this there are limited follow up of organizational goals but yet efficient managerial distribution is carried out (Gitman and Mc Daniel 2009). Chain of command There is strict chain of command extending in Outback INC where authority is of supreme

Clinical versus management tracts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Clinical versus management tracts - Essay Example Pediatric nurses work in hospitals or clinics. According to Datta (2007), they may play many roles, such as providing treatment, inserting IV lines amid other therapies. Informatics nurse helps in identifying, managing and communicating data, information and analytical knowledge to the medical doctor. This entails the incorporation of science and compound data management strategies (Mettler & Raptis, 2012). Geriatrics nurses help provide health care to elderly patients. This is considering that old patients have an increased risk of injuries and illness. Therefore, a geriatric nurse helps these elderly patients avoid further illness and injuries. Additionally, they assist the elderly patients and family in coping with old age illnesses (Makary, Segev & Pronovost et al., 2010). Clinical nursing opportunities entail working as pediatricians, geriatrics in clinical care settings or emergency rooms. According to Alligood (2013), mainly they manage psychiatric or rehabilitative types of care where they attend to patients enduring pain and anxiety. On the other hand, management tracts entail managing or directing nurses who provide nursing care to patients. Besides, nurse managers play a crucial role in hiring and retaining nurses (Alligood, 2013). They also work collaboratively with medical doctors in managing patients and enable patients and their families overcome pain, suffering and illnesses. As a nurse, I am intrigued by taking a managerial position in nursing. I am well aware of the demands that management-level nursing entails, such as carrying out leadership roles and running administrative duties in a clinical setting. I enjoy taking part in a decision-making process in a clinical setting and pursuing the nurse management role will help me achieve this desire. Nursing management also entails undertaking managerial duties, such as strategizing, scheduling, staffing, managing and

Humanitarian interventions can only be strong states's strategies, Term Paper

Humanitarian interventions can only be strong states's strategies, discuss - Term Paper Example the front, with examples such as liberation of Iraq from dictatorial rule, which was successful after the US military managed to apprehend the then president Saddam Hussein (Chomsky 2007 p 30). It has also been in the forefront to restore democracy as well as suppressing armed militia for example in Somalia during the first battle of Mogadishu, invasion in Afghanistan among others. As it is today, the global economy depends highly on peace especially due to the various international trade organizations in place and hence, any country which may seem to jeopardize growth as a result of war and oppressive leadership should be made to account for its own short comings. These interventions however, should not be based on the greed to serve personal vendettas but for the common good of preserving humanity. This essay is a critical evaluation on humanitarian intervention, supporting the idea that they can only be successful if conducted by strong states, citing examples of successes and fai lures mostly from the US perspective. Humanitarian interventions as discussed herein, involves exercising liberty to disregard the sovereignty of a country with a genuine reason in order to protect the rights of the citizens as the understanding of international customary law dictates (Nye 2008 p 66). Many citizens continue to die as a result of power hungry politicians, who are willing and able to kill their fellow country men for them to remain in power. In defense, rebel movements especially in the third world countries continue to emerge resulting to more deaths and destruction of property. The Iraq government for example under the watch of president Saddam did not only pose a great threat to its neighbors such as Iran and Kuwait but also to its own citizens, who faced brutality from security forces, especially those who dared to criticize his rule. It is estimated that 300000 Iraqis died as a result of atrocities committed against them by Saddam’s regime. Most of these victims

6 questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

6 questions - Essay Example The auditors were in the opinion that these cards needed to be reflected as unrealized sales, as the services had not yet been provided. The audit staff of the PWC affiliated audit firm disagreed with the accounting policy used for recognizing revenue related to LDI calling cards. Accordingly, the staff mentioned in its report that the profit was overstated in the financial statements by Rs280 million. No. It was a common practice worldwide and in Pakistan that the revenues were booked on the basis of sale of prepaid cards and not on their usage, therefore it meant that the audit company was not adhering to the internationally recognized standards. It was unfair to the company for the auditors to effect such sudden changes in the revenue recognition policy without any prior notice to the company management, it was improper and unprofessional. Yes. To challenge the Directives of the regulatory body such as the Security and Exchange Commission of Pakistan (SECP) as the only the commission that had the authority to appoint a new auditor in place of the former auditor removed by the company. The impact of this will be that the company would be able to successfully remove PWC as external auditors by claiming professional negligence that resulted in huge losses to the company shareholders. The company would be able to appoint a new auditor that would comply to international standards regarding the revenue recognition policy. Yes. I agree with the accusations made by the company because first and foremost the PWC audit firm did not take due international standard procedures in effecting the policy change on revenue recognition and further failing to inform the management of the company. Yes. The SECP was responsible for ensuring compliance with regulations by the listed companies. The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Pakistan (ICAP) was the

Violence in the Work place Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Violence in the Work place - Article Example However, several states have formulated legislative measures such as the establishment of comprehensive prevention program for nurses as well as hefty fines for those found guilty of assaulting nurses while in their line of duty. The BON has through the Nursing Practice Act has formulated the following measures to address the issue. It has authorized hospitals to post warnings discouraging people from violent behavior; it has passed resolutions that have it mandatory for managers to initiate policies that promote a safe workplace and discourage violent behavior. It has also recommended jail term for those convicted of physically assaulting a nurse (Humphreys and Campbell, 2011). The BON has suggested that the nurse restrain from any form of violent behavior even when they are provoked by the patient. Nurses found quality face the possibility of losing their license for a given duration but in severe cases jail term is recommended. The approach taken the BON is effective since its introduction the workplace is safer for nurses and patients and according to the USA department of justice there has being decline in the numbers of cases reported (Humphreys and Campbell, 2011). In order to understand the magnitude of this problem, the American Nursing Association (ANA) has compiled statistics detailing the various occur of violence in the workplace. According to the ANA, 15% of all no fatal violence occurs in the workplace based on figures obtained from the department of justice. In 2009, the Department estimated that 572000 nonfatal violent crimes and 521 deadly crimes were committed against people in their workplace. It is disturbing to note that 60% of the nonfatal violent crimes were perpetrated against people in the healthcare and social assistance industry. The figures were obtained from the National labor bureau. Lastly, according to liberty mutual the company has paid over $603 million in compensating works which have suffered

Argument Synthesis Paper on Animal Cruelty Essay

Argument Synthesis Paper on Animal Cruelty - Essay Example This is only the smallest thing you can do yet. In all cities of every state exist refuge and associations for the rescue of uninhabited animals. You can watch over No Kill protection and rescue groups in your region and observe if you can join in. A kind human being should refuse apathy in all its shapes (Carroll, 2001). If you observe animal mistreatment, take some action against the lawbreaker instantly like informing the officials. In my view it is necessary that animal cruelty be avoided at any cost. The solution to the avoidance lies in the individuals living in this world themselves. It is the duty of the individuals to ascertain out the causes of animal cruelty prevailing all over the world. This article would further explain animal cruelty and form a strategy that would help to avoid this problem. On fur farms animals are kept in overcrowded dirty cages, they are restricted to live in those small regions without any protection from the changing weather states. They do not even get the basic requirements like clean water, necessary protection from natural changes and veterinary care (Goranson, 1995). Fur farms restrict them to interact with nature and experience the natural activities like jumping, climbing, burrowing, and swimming. These extreme restrictions tire them from their life and due to lack of natural environment they become unable to deal with their life. To get the fur, fur farmers use inhumane ways of killing them. They try to practice the cheapest and the way which confirm the death of the animal. The cruelty can be confirmed by imagining their usual techniques which include suffocation, electrocution, poisonous gases and poisonous elements. A lot of animals are electrocuted by containing bars slotted in into their rectums and 240 volts pass all the way through their bodies (ASPCA, 2002). The animals shake, vibrate and often scream earlier than they have heart attacks and depart their life. Crude killing ways are not always successful, and at times animals "come to life" at the time when they are being skinned. Burberry, one of the leading bags and costume supplier, is well aware of the suffering that has been experienced in making the fur available for every fur-trimmed coat, hat, bag etc. Even after knowing this fact, the company does not stop using fur in its designs. Regardless of a number of alternatives available, it is use less to argue that they cannot stop using fur in their makings. There is no excuse for Burberry to continue helping the brutal humans in showing their cruelty by snatching the life of millions of animals for the sake of money and luxuries. To discourage Burberry and many other companies like them, who show that they are legal and are not involved in any such cruelty, we can stop using their products and notify them about our concern by simply contacting them via e-mail or their website. We must spread this news as much as we can, in order to provide a safe environment to the animals and to do justice with them. By using their products we are helping them in increasing their profits and buy more and more fur by killing more animals. Their products must be boycotted until they implement a fur-free plan (American Humane

The Inspectors Calls Essay Example for Free

The Inspectors Calls Essay Explore how effectively Priestly delivers his moral message by analysing the roles of the inspector and Mr Birling An Egalitarian would believe that everyone should be equal, either financially or socially. An Egalitarian would want the treatment of everybody to be positive, fair and the same hence we are members of one body they believe there should be no segregation for who they are. These are views of the inspector. He cares about the working middle class of society because of the way he feels theyre being treated in life. A perfect example of this is Eva Smith. Shes a working class woman that struggles and work, to try and get a decent lifestyle compared to the upper class capitalists. Capitalist views are basically about money, business, profit, their financial needs and themselves. They are very self-cantered arrogant. Just like Mr Birling. The Capitalist views are obviously put into practise in him and his family. For one, Mr Birling cares very much about his business and money. This is shown by the situation with Eva Smith and his employers. He refuses to give a small pay rise. They wanted the rates raised so that they could average about twenty-five shillings a week. I refused, of course. This results to Mr Birling taking the first sinful act towards Eva smith. Unlike Mr Birling his old fashioned views, the inspector shows that he cares about the working class by investing Eva Smiths case and making everyone of the Birling family feel bad to see what they did wrong. He keeps on implying what they did wrong how they affected Eva but youre partly to blame. just as your father is, (harshly) Yes. But you cant. its too late. This represents what their beliefs are and how it affects the working class. Because of Mr Billings selfishness profiting thoughts, he sacks Eva. Id agreed to this demand for a new rate wed have added about twelve per cent to our labour costs So I refused. and if they didnt like those rates, they could go work somewhere else He affects her by putting her out of a job, earning no money while he doesnt think twice about her after that and goes about his business, She had a lot to say far too much -so she had to go unlike the inspector and his views. He wants to achieve recognition of the way the working class are being treated. When the word Goole comes to mind, it can mean different function and meanings. Goole sounds as if it was mysterious ghostly characteristics, sound to the word. It can also sound as if it was said with authority. That could represent a judge, a truthful person and it actually comes into play with the inspector. He tells makes the truth come out, as if he serves justice to Eva Smith and the working class. He makes retribution to Eva and slightly revengeful towards the Birling family on the behalf of Eva Smith. With the inspector as well, he can be shown as a fantasy character. He is there with the family, asking questions about something that hasnt even happened yet, but when Gerald goes out and asks about him outside. I met a police sergeantthere wasnt any Inspector Goole or anybody like him on the force. They havent even heard of the inspector. He doesnt exist. This could represent an illusion. The Inspector is shown in the play to be final, significant, decisive and strong minded. He knows what hes doing. Hes intelligent, he speaks when its necessary and in addition he is in control, for instance, he shows the photograph of Eva Smith to the person he is referring to. Not anybody else (INSPECTOR takes a photograph, about postcard size, out of his pocket and goes to BIRLING. Both GERALD and ERIC rise to have a look at the photograph, but the INSPECTOR interposes himself between them and the photograph.) Hes not the head of the house hold or an upper class figure, but he stays in control unlike Mr Birling. Mr Birling is narrow minded nonsensical, Gibberish within form of lectures. He talks about historical periods/ events which happened the titanic said that it will be unsinkable, absolutely unsinkable but in fact, what he said was incorrect. The Titanic actually did sink. Priestly presents these two characters to reflect whats happening in his society in that time. Mr Birling is obviously portrayed to be the higher class (with little things such as having a butler, being friends with people with a higher social status and playing golf) Priestly makes them come across as a self centered, cold hearted, nonsensical man. This portrays what he thinks about the upper class where as The Inspector is caring but stern, purposeful as well, he represents the middle working class. Priestly portrays The Inspector as if he was a messenger, to deliver his ward to the upper class society. He wanted to make the audience see what was happening and the effect/consequences of the strong class divisions and to give his opinion of what he thought of the divisions. Mr Birling is revealed to be inconsiderate, stuck up character. You can see this by what he says Nothing to do with you run alongto Sheila and to the inspectorI dont like your tone (rather angrily impatiently and sharply). All of these show his emotions personality because hes a capitalist, he is used to luxury and hes grown up to look down on the lower class. The stage directions gives us, the readers a visual image of what Mr Birlings doing whether its the way he talks, walks, facial expression, body language or style. Mr Birling body language seems to be stiff, enclosed just by how he is described in the text by the use of language for his character. She looks attentive just after Mr Birling mentions this concerns you too compared to him, The Inspector is a purposeful, stern observing. He looks at everybody and judges everyone by looking hard at each person, as if he was scanning the persons database of personality history. He is purposeful Creates at once an impression of a m assiveness, solidity purposefulness. Priestly wants us to feel different emotions towards them. He wants us to make us see where they are coming from, what their problems are to feel how other people reacts with them e.g. Sheila. Sheila is Mr Birlings daughter even though she added another situation/sin on top of all thats been happening to Eva, unlike the others, she shows remorse when she says: no, not really, it was my own fault. she looks at it closely, recognises it [the picture of Eva] with a little cry and then runs out. Sheila is different to the others because she is the only one that shows remorse guilt and confesses that it was her own fault. Overall he wants the audience to feel each characters personality, attitude, and their way of seeing thing. if the reader gets that, they will see his message. At first the mood of the house is calm, formal, subtle joyful because they are celebrating the engagement. Everything is going according to plan; they have all had a good dinner, are celebrating a special occasion are quite pleased with themselves. The room is bright and nothing rude has been said but, when the inspector comes in, the whole atmosphere and mood changes goes the opposite. Its starts quite dark, dull, definitely serious. He creates a heavy impression by just being himself. Someone with authority or someone to be with the law is always not good, so when that someone visits, people will start to feel uncomfortable and slightly distressed. The topics changes to Eva. The inspector jumps right to the point saying (two hours ago a young woman died in the infirmaryshed swallowed a lot of strong disinfectant. Burnt her inside out, that girl being Eva. He tells the truth and he says it how it is. Because the family are upper class, they would not expect this behaviour, they are not used to anybody speaking to them in that manner, so the react shocked and offended. Eventually the celebration party turns into a confession meeting. After everything has happened in act one, all the family sins come out and all are dreading about whats going to happen next. Mr Birling has the control of the household at the start. You would expect this because hes the man/head of the family (father husband), he earns the highest salary in the family, hes a man he is an honourable man (seen by his family and friends) because of his wealth, business social status. Everyone pays attention to him. Hes also respected by his family, but when the inspector comes in, the authority instantly flips over to the inspector because he is a representative of the police and the law ( the Inspector needs not to be a big man bit he creates at once on impression of massiveness, solidity and purposefulness ). When people sees this they will always set the person below the authority figure, in this case, Mr Birling is the underdog and the inspector comes out on top. They would want to know why he is there, what does he want to know and try to get him away as soon as possible. Even Mr Birling abides and obeys him as any other person in the room. This brings down his control level. The inspector also holds control by little thing he does for example: He only shows the photograph between himself and Mr Birling. Everybody else wants to see it but he refuses and does this for a reason, To show an act of authority. Another act is when he lets each character admit their sins towards Eva Smith, but not at once. He controls them by asking questions they unravel themselves, there story they realize they are wrong, to a certain extent he has the ability to make Sheila breakdown (she almost breaks down, but just controls herself)and so he has a play of their emotions Just towards the end of act 1. Mr and Mrs Birling contribute to Evas death by having a large negative impact on the reasons why. Mr Birling sacked Eva for going on strike and standing up for her opinions for a little pay rise. Mr Birling escalates the situation into a bigger thing then it is. It makes him do drastic things. This is the same with Mrs Birling. Both of them refuse anything to do with Eva her death. They define responsibility whatsoever with her. They are more cold-hearted, uncaring than Eric and Sheila. Eric and Sheila show sympathy and remorse, for instance, Sheila and Eric show remorse devastation when they recognise her from the picture or her name/s (Eva Smith/Daisy Renton) ,(QUOTE). They totally understand and take responsibility for what they did wrong. Eric Confesses on what happened with him and Eva he turns out to be the most honest he has the most positive impact then others (quote). Mr Mrs Birling thinks that the investigation that the inspector carries out is inappropriate (quote). Theyre not used to being questioned, let alone with an inspector. Sheila doesnt really act shocked but because shes so isolated and protected she has become young, naive, innocent, vulnerable and blind to the real society and she doesnt see the consequences of the actions that she does, she doesnt see the affects, therefore she is not used to being involved in theses conversations, let alone an investigation. Eric, however, takes it as a shock when he realises the situation and how Eva felt about him in their relationship that they had. Sheila and Eric feel some sort of indication of remorse regret by being worried and not refusing the blame compared to Mr and Mrs Birling who doesnt show any respect or guilt. They are absolutely fixed on theyre not responsible for it. They do not show any signs of that. The audience are expected to feel negative emotions and thoughts towards Mr Mrs Birling because by them not caring about their contributions towards others. Mr Birling has a snobbish personality and feels like he has got the right to look down on everybody and disrespect them. towards Mrs Birling, I think a negative feeling to her would be expected. She too, is as bad as Mr Birling, because she chose not to help Eva smith because of her pride and shame. Both of them represent the upper class and they are represented as bad. For Sheila, Eric and Gerald, the audience will have a feeling of sympathy because they realised what they did wrong and they took responsibility. I think the audience feel changed by the ending result because everything is unravelled and they all eventually realise what they have done. The hint of mystery i.e. the inspector and the actual situation with Eva themselves gives a mysterious edge to it As a reader I feel towards Eva, a sad, sympathetic feeling towards her because if back in time, women were being treated like that, its not pleasant although towards Eric and Gerald I feel that there is hope, hope that they dont become like Mr Birling. They actually show a caring side to Eva. Sheila, I thought she was a spoilt young woman and overprotected by her parents but now she has had reality check. I like her better than I did before.

Use of It in Modern World Essay Example for Free

Use of It in Modern World Essay For the HDCS-Infortec International| | By Isuri Dilanka Rg:12GP1220 | 3/20/2013| This document contains introduction on the importance of IT, its usage in modern world and finally the conclusion of the researcher. | The importance of IT to the modern world Introduction Nearly everyone worked in agriculture before the industrial revolution. People communicated by words or messages written on paper. Soon after the industrial revolution, life changed for everyone. Factories were started where a large number of people worked together. In order to administer them, there came a need for offices. With the development of trade a lot of documentation was involved. As technology advanced, people wanted to find easy ways of completing the paperwork. The computer is probably the latest tool available from a series of machines that were developed over the years such as the typewriter, telephone, fax etc. The computer was initially developed to be a calculating device that can calculate at very high speeds. Since 80% of the work done on the computer is of non-mathematical nature it cannot merely be regarded as a calculating device. A computer us really a device that operates upon information, data amp; communication. The present age is referred to as the ‘information age’ as most people’s lives depend on information technology. A lot of people work on computer related fields and computers affect everybody in one way or the other. Communication too is becoming an integral part of information technology amp; it is for this reason that information technology (IT) is now being replaced by information communication technology (ICT). Use and Importance of IT in the modern world Today, computer has become an important part of day-to-day life. Most human activities take place with the aid of ICT. It gives more effective and speedy solutions to real life problems. People lead complex lifestyles that need most suitable solutions within shortest time. ICT satisfies these requirements in a comprehensive manner. Hence today has become the IT or ICT age. Few instances where IT or ICT is heavily used * Home: Hobbies, Entertainment, Household bills amp; accounts etc. * Everyday Life: Supermarkets, Banks, Hospitals, Security amp; Defense etc. * Education: Libraries, Simulation of laboratory experiments on computers, Computer Aided Learning- CAL etc. Engineering: Chemical plants, Oil refineries, Manufacturing of cars etc. * Commercial/ Industrial: Air amp; road traffic controls, Travel amp; transportation etc. Elaboration of above topics is mentioned below : Application| Usage | Home| Most of the time computers at home are usedFor writing letters, sending and receiving e-mail, Playing games, browsing the internet to gather information, for shopping, to watch movies and just about anything| Supermarkets| The computer has a record for each item with information such as the item number, name, description, price, quantity in the stock etc. The central computer is able to identify the item number by using the bar code reader. Once identified, the number is sent to the central computer, which in turn sends the information that corresponds to the item to POS terminal to be printed. The computer also does the necessary stock adjustments by subtracting the quantity sold of the particular item. IT is used to automate manual accounting systems such as ledger, sales and purchases, stock control. | Banks (ATM, Transactions, Tele banking, Credit card payments)| All transactions are entered then and there by the teller so that work doesn’t get accumulated. Each transaction as it is entered is updated in the master file at the central computer. The teller just types in the account number and he is given instant access. | Educational Administration| IT is used to automate school administration activities such as keeping records of students, examination results, normal office work and communication with other schools via e-mail etc. | Education (Computer Assisted School Administration)| In subjects such as biology, chemistry, physics laboratory experiments can be simulated on the computer. The computer can be used to explain vast concepts more vividly by using its ‘graphics’ capability to display pictures, diagrams and even videos. Some experiments can be done virtually. Video conferencing. For distant learning, Use of World Wide Web in finding information. CAL (Computer Assisted Learning) the computer presents material, asks questions based on the students performance, determines whether to present new material or review topics already covered. | Library| A library contains thousands of books, magazines, and other items which a borrower may wish to borrow. Maintaining records of books and borrowers can be a complicated and tedious job but may well suit a computer system. Finding available books and reserving them is made very simple with the use of computers. | Transportation| IT is used by railways and airlines for reservation of seats, control of traffic and maintaining time-tables of vehicles and duties of the crew. It is used in all fields of air traffic. Every aircraft has a small computer fitted to help pilots in various ways. | Medicine (Chemical Analysis, CT, MRI, US Scanning, ECG, EEG, Surgery)| In hospitals special computers are built inside different equipment. Ex: CAT scanners (Computer Axial Tomography). Further maintenance of patients’ records in electronic databases enhances services provided. | Defense amp; Security (Signal operations, Missile guidance amp; Nuclear plant operations)| IT is very useful in tracking down criminals through the maintenance of their databases. In warfare computers are used to guide missiles. | Engineering| Engineers use IT to prepare drawings of machines, tools, bridges, buildings etc. (CAD-Computer Aided Designing). Also computers are used to control manufacture of items. (CAM-Computer Assisted Manufacture). The use of Robots in industries is another example| Entertainment| This basically covers video games, music and movies played back by computers with multimedia facilities. | Conclusion Through all these information it is clearly identified the importance IT to modern world: that IT is an integral part of modern life. IT has taken the modern world under its dominance and it makes human relationships much closure leading to a much better future. References: ICT Classroom in a book by Chandana De Silva Newspaper Feedback : Assessor: Signature: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Date: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦

Impact Of Inhouse Training And Their Percieved Effectiveness Management Essay

Impact Of Inhouse Training And Their Percieved Effectiveness Management Essay chapter 1: Introduction Training is widely understood as communication directed at a defined population for the purpose of developing skills, modifying behavior, and increasing competence. Generally, training focuses exclusively on what needs to be known. Education is a longer-term process that incorporates the goals of training and explains why certain information must be known. Education emphasizes the scientific foundation of the material presented. Both training and education induce learning, a process that modifies knowledge and behavior through teaching and experience. The research model described here pertains to both training and education. Therefore, in this document, training refers to both processes. In contrast to informal In-house training (which is embedded in most instances of human exchange), formal In-house training interventions have stated goals, content, and strategies for instruction. Our intent is to offer a general approach to intervention effectiveness research that addresses formal training across settings and topics. Training intervention effectiveness research is needed to (1) identify major variables that influence the learning process and (2) optimize resources available for training interventions. Logical and progressive study models are best suited to identify the critical elements and causal relationships that affect training effectiveness and efficiency. In training research, it is often difficult to arrive at definitive answers. Typically, many variables minimize effects and make results difficult to interpret. Furthermore, the amount of variance attributed to any one variable is usually small.  [1]   Problem Statement To analyze the Impact of In-house Training Programs and assess their Perceived and Actual Effectiveness as Experienced by Trainees. Research Objectives Following are the research objectives: To assess the effect of environmental variables (e.g. culture, learning environment, venue and management support) on training impact To review how training impact and effectiveness can be enhanced To highlight the relationship between employee ability and In-house training effectiveness To explore how employee motivation affects In-house training effectiveness To analyze the impact of effective trainer-trainee interaction on In-house effectiveness To explore techniques to evaluate In-house training effectiveness chapter 2: Litrature Review The competitiveness of any business often rests on the quality and skills of its employees. Training can improve the performance and productivity of staff and ensure they have the skills that the business needs. Effective training may be crucial when we hire new recruits or when we change business practices or add new products. As the business grows, the skills needed for it to remain successful may change.  [2]   Training and management development activities are currently receiving increased attention in the industrial and academic communities. This emphasis is illustrated by recent figures which report that organizations spend upwards of $30 billion dollars annually for training programs involving 15 billion work hours (Huber, 1985).  [3]   The purpose of training and development can be said to be that of acquiring, developing and retaining the stock of human capital needed for an organization to conduct its operations. In the most general sense, it is carried out purposively in order to improve work performance. Training, therefore, refers to the companys planned and systematic efforts to modify or develop the knowledge, skills and attitudes of their employees through learning experiences. As an activity, it spans many boundaries, including the distinction between education and training, on-the-job and off-the-job training, as well as formal and informal training through work experience. Training invariably represents investment by a company in its employees. At the very minimum, the orientation of new employees to the specifics of the company requires time and close supervision. Most likely, the company will continue to sponsor the further development of employee competencies and expertise. General training improves both the employees internal and external position in the labour market, and is thus generally perceived by employees as a supportive act on the part of the company an act that is reciprocated through increased commitment, independent of the particulars of the employment relationship (Gaertner and Nollen 1989; Meyer and Allen 1997). Given the value of training to employees, sponsoring training can be seen as an act of gift giving on the part of the company. Even training in company-specific skills contributes to the employees attachment to the company (Levine and Tyson1990). Returns on any training investment depend greatly on employee retention. While specific training is often considered to be unique to a firm and therefore of little use to competitors, the enhanced productivity of general training is of great value to other firms. Generally trained employees are likely to be poached by competitors who are able to offer higher wages. Another problem with training arises should employees not be willing or motivated either to acquire new skills or to apply their newly learned skills at the workplace. When In-house trainings are effectively conducted, the management of a companys human resources entails a comprehensive assessment and matching of the skills attainment of the labour force and the skills requirement of the economy. By providing people with the necessary skills and training they need to do their job, effective human resource management, among others, can promote employment growth, address skills shortages and improve flexibility, all contributing to both employee and company needs.  [4]   Businesses often decide that in-house training is the most cost-effective way to improve the skills of their employees. This is because: (1) training can be scheduled at their convenience, (2) training is more focused, consistent and relevant to their needs, (3) travelling and accommodation costs are reduced or even eliminated.  [5]   In-house training can take several forms, for example: (1) a training programme designed and carried out by a company, (2) an off-the-shelf training programme bought from and run by a training specialist, (3) a training programme tailored to a companys needs and managed by a training specialist, (4) an Internet-based training course or (5) an informal, on-the-job training. Formal in-house training, if properly planned and executed, can be highly flexible and cost effective. Positive reactions of trainees, learning, and behaviour change, and improvements in job-related outcomes are expected from well-designed and administered In-house training programs. However, the attitudes, interests, values, and expectations of trainees may attenuate or enhance the effectiveness of training.  [6]   Ensuring that the company has the human capital it requires implies that it needs to invest heavily in the skill and training of its workforce, particularly company specific training. In doing so, companies incur considerable risk. The efficiency of the training investment will depend on the cognitive skills and the motivation of the employees to acquire new capabilities. Flanking training with selectivity practices ensures that trainable employees are hired (i.e. the person-organisation fit is maximised). Through the use of stringent selection procedures the company can take steps to ensure that the profile of employees is such that they are willing to share with the firm the costs and benefits of training as well as being likely to respond well to and learn quickly from training opportunities provided. To this end, the selection of employees that are favourably evaluated for training potential helps to ensure that the companys return on training investment is maximised. Training incentives flanked by performance incentives reward the acquisition and the application of skills. Once recruited, it is imperative that the employee becomes well attuned to the companys expectations for developing skills and experience. To this end, flanking training with guidance practices contributes greatly to the fulfilment of this vital function by providing the employee with a training perspective. Training that is specific to the employer may be of little value outside the particular company, but general expertise and experience will undoubtedly improve the labour market position of workers. Consequently, the sponsoring of training involves a considerable loss, should the employee decide not to stay with the company. From the perspective of the firm, the provision of training has the negative effect that the employee is rendered more valuable to other firms and thus increases the risk of undesired turnover of highly skilled employees. Relational signals increase the attachment of employees and thereby compensate the negative side effect of training. Finally, by applying guidance practices employee attachment can be strengthened through the potential of these practices to integrate employees within the social milieu of the company. A frequent criticism of research on In-house training is its susceptibility to fads and its generally a theoretical approach (Goldstein, 1980; Hinrichs, 1976; Wexley, 1984). Researchers have frequently attempted to increase the effectiveness of training through a focus on techniques. Special attention has also been paid to the arrangement of training environments (Wexley, 1984). But without a theoretical basis for studying the techniques and the training environments, researchers are often at a loss either to explain why they are effective or to predict their effectiveness in other settings or for other trainees (Noe, 1986).  [7]   Professional development literature has consistently stressed the continuing part of continuing education. Since the 1980s, staff training researchers and practitioners have talked about ongoing training. They have urged follow-up sessions in the weeks and months after workshops to sustain new practices. They have preached the importance of encouraging and supporting trainers (through in classroom coaching by trainers and peer leaders) to continue learning and implementing new knowledge and skills, lest the momentum for change be lost (Bents Howey, 1981; Joyce Showers, 1983; Sprinthall Sprinthall, 1980).  [8]   Why is it so difficult for organizations to effectively conduct internal training? There are many reasons why internal workshops or seminars arent productive. Consider the following example. Two managers in a major accounting firm were getting ready to conduct an in-house training session to introduce a new company initiative. The managers worked diligently to gather material and to put together excellent content for the handouts. They were covering a lot of valuable material, but the handouts were getting voluminous. When asked by an outside consultant why they had so much material, the team leader responded, We have so much material to cover in the seminar there is so much the participants have to understand. Then the question was asked, How are you going to engage or involve the participants in the seminar? A blank stare followed, then finally, We havent really thought much about that. We were too busy getting the materials together. How would we get them involved anyway?  [9]à ‚   It cannot be expected from trainers to teach what they do not know, nor is to use yesterday training to prepare todays employees for tomorrows future. We certainly cannot expect trainers to share and learn from each others knowledge and skill unless they r provided with the research, structures, time, and money with which to do it. Ultimately, quality staff development benefits employees by channeling the talents and expertise of all the companys employees in all the companys department. By improving staff development trainers help all employees to reach the high levels of achievement they need to succeed. As a lead-trainer one must acknowledge the importance of engaging people. People learn more when they are engaged. They are more connected and enthused when they are participating. Imagine thinking you could learn how to play golf simply by watching a golf video or reading a book on the perfect swing. The trainer has to DO IT and get feedback and then try it again. He has to participate.  [10]   An In-house trainer however may need training in: (1) presentation/speaking skills, (2) generating rapport/interest, (3) dealing with difficult trainees, (4) types of learning, (5) course and session design/planning skills, (6) evaluation, monitoring and feedback skills, (7) measuring the effectiveness of training, (7) setting up support for employees after training and conducting training needs analyses.  [11]   Evidence exists that the preference for outsider training is the result of managerial responses to (1) the contrasting status implications of learning from internal versus external competitors, and (2) the availability or scarcity of training in-house training is more readily available and hence subject to greater scrutiny, while external training is scarcer, which makes it appear more special and unique. It can be concluded by considering some consequences of the external training preference for organizational functioning.  [12]   The two dilemmas on the employee and organizational levels are closely interrelated. On one side, the benefits of training accrue only to the extent that employees contribute to the organization. Thus, a firm should take into account how it expects a training program to affect employee effort as well as employee turnover. On the other side, trained workers produce at higher rates, which in turn may affect how much they contribute and how often they migrate to other firms in comparison with untrained workers.  [13]   Individual differences can potentially influence the type of training conducted as some individual attributes may engender greater trainability in general or for specific types of training. Intelligence and other abilities have been found to relate to trainability in some instances (Bale, Rickus and Ambler, 1973; Gill, 1982; Williams, Sauser and Kemery, 1982). Further, initial training has been used to predict later training performance (Gordon and Cohen, 1973). More recently, researchers have begun to examine motivational and personality factors that potentially influence trainability (Tubiana and Ben-Shakhar, 1982). Noe (1986) presented a model of the potential influences of such individual difference factors as locus of control, expectancies, and career and job attitudes on training effectiveness.  [14]   Qualitative improvements may be just as important. This could include higher quality goods and services, better teamwork, fewer customer complaints and greater innovation within your business. Employee feedback is a critical component of assessing In-house training effectiveness, Employees need to be asked: (1) if the training was relevant to their job and their level of expertise, (2) how they will put their learning into action for feedback on the training method, (3) what worked and what didnt, (4) what could be improved. We need to remember that the business expectations may not be the same as employees expectations. Training assessment or evaluation forms may also prove to be useful here.   One way organizations gain tacit knowledge is through social ties to other organizations, that is, through networks. Networked organizations are those that are cosmopolitan, externally oriented, and characterized by multiplex, non-redundant affiliations. With respect to the workplace, the information that flows through networks can include knowledge about the performance effects of work reform, the benefits of bundling, and tactics to persuade managers and employees that innovation is beneficial. Recently there has been a proliferation of studies emphasizing the role of networks in In-house trainings (for example, Nohria and Gulati 1994; Strang and Soule 1998). By enhancing access to knowledge, networks promote awareness and early adoption of an innovation. By promoting social interaction, they generate trust and norms of reciprocity-social capital-that are conducive to knowledge transfer.  [15]   When it comes to in-house trainings one variable, of course, is organizational size. Explanations for why large organizations provide more training are: Large organizations have formalized job structures, have internal labour markets, are more unionized, and operate in environments that encourage investment in training. Available evidence indicates a positive relation between organizational size and job training at both the establishment and firm levels (Cohen and Pfeffer 1986:14; Barron, Black, and Lowenstein 1987). Some research suggests a curvilinear relation, with the smallest and largest employers providing the most training (Brown, Hamilton, and Medoff 1990:54-55). Barron et al. (1987, 1989) found that five training activities (e.g., hours of instruction given to new employees by managers, supervisors, and co- workers) increased nonlinearly with the number of employees (logged) and the existence of subsidiaries outside the local area.  [16]   Although little theory or research exists on environmental influences on In-house training, it is likely that companies would provide more employee training when skilled workers are harder to hire and where resource dependencies permit the diversion of resources from production. Thus, resource-rich organizations confronting rapid technological advances, intense domestic and international competition, and high demands for skilled labour may invest in improving their current employees skills (as well as in pirating from other organizations trained workers holding comparable positions).  [17]   The best seminars allot blocks of time where participants are working in smaller groups on specific tasks. They are given a set of open-ended questions to consider. For example; What are the greatest strengths, opportunities and challenges we face over the next six months? Each mini-team can think about and discuss these important questions and then report back to the larger group. In turn, the trainer facilitates and assimilates this information and displays it for all to see.  [18]   Between the components of initial instruction and trainee behaviour, some degree of learning has taken place. The learning is exhibited by trainees in some initial behaviour or response which the trainer can observe. Trainee behaviours at this point might be the first trials of the new behaviour, understanding of the information presented, or other response to exhibit learning of training material. The behaviour depends on trainee attributes and motivation, as described by Noe (1986) and tested by Noe and Schmitt (1986), and on learning principles incorporated into the training program, such as are described in texts on training (e.g. Goldstein, 1986; Wexley and Latham, 1981). CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY Primary Data: Sample Respondents were drawn from banks in both private and public sector. In order to study the existence of In-house Trainings and their effectiveness it was important to cover banks from both the sectors. Study of banks from just one sector wouldnt have provided the complete picture. The attitudes and work ethics also vary among private and public sector banks. Private sector in Pakistan employs some of the best talent available in the country thus they are more aware of latest concepts and are willing to implement changes however, the public sector is more about stability and sticking to the rule book and change is only considered necessary when there is no choice left. Since the primary aim of the study was to study the Impact of In-house Training and their perceived effectiveness, banks with varied work ethic and objectives were selected. As much as it is a matter of which industry the banks belong to it is also about the systems they have developed overtime to perform in the modern business world and how they are planning to go forward as they grow. Questionnaires were distributed to all officer level employees during the research. A total of 50 valid responses from 2 banks were used in this study. The actual population is Lahore and the working population is the employees of two banks i.e. Bank of Punjab and Faysal bank. The response rate was high because the participants willingness and interest in the survey. The respondents were mostly well qualified with at least a Masters Degree in their relevant field. Measures Preference scales were setup for questions using a five point Likert rating scale (1 = Very Dissatisfied, 5 = Very Satisfied). The questions were created primarily keeping the literature review as a reference and were validated by the interviews from senior managers along with the perception of employees and regarding the subject of In-house trainings. Data Treatment The Likert scale based questions were analyzed using statgarphics plus 5.1 where multiple regressions were run of the independent variables with one dependent variable. Text from extensive interviews was utilized to justify variable intensity selection and also to know their views on issues related to Training and Development initiatives and their effectiveness. Secondary Data: Internet Internet was mainly used for material pertaining to the literature review and findings of this research project. This included information about motivation, training and development previous research conducted by famous researchers, definitions and theories used as reference in this project etc. The main problem faced in collecting data from the internet was the lack of local data available. No real information was available about current training and development practices going on in Pakistan and what their effects were. Scope To analyze the impact of In-house Trainings and to assess how they can be made more effective and to observe the effects of variables like company environment, culture, trainee learning ability and his or her motivation to learn from In-house Trainings. Limitations The thesis, off-course, has some limitations. First, the sample is relatively small, which limits the significance of the results. As the research is dependent on questionnaire, so individual concerns in filling out questionnaire honestly is a limitation. Sample size was restricted to 50 participants from 2 different banks. Second, there are obviously several other factors that could also play a role in the observed effectiveness of organizational training. For instance, two additional steps commonly listed in the training development and evaluation sequence, namely (a) developing the training objectives and (b) the actual presentation of the training content was excluded. Finally, this thesis focused on fairly broad training design and evaluation features. Although a number of levels within these features were identified previously and examined, given the number of moderators that can be identified (e.g., trainer effects, contextual factors), it is reasonable to believe that there might be additional moderators operating here that would be worthy of future investigation. Independent Variables Independent variables are the manipulated variables-that is, the training inputs and activities that are implemented and studied. They are presumed to cause or influence certain training outcomes. Depending on the study, independent variables could include timing, format, and location of training as well as modifications to the training rationale, content, or educational approach under study. Dependent Variables Dependent variables are the intended aims of training, which are expected to result from exposure to the independent variables. As exposure varies, results may differ, allowing effectiveness to be measured. Sample outcomes of training include participant satisfaction with the course; changes in knowledge, attitude, and behavioural intent; and demonstrated skills or abilities. Sample impacts of training include the following: diffusion of course material into the field, retention of knowledge and attitudes, transfer of behavioural intent into practice, application of learned skills and abilities, transfer of training to new populations, and acceptance of instructional content as normal operating procedure. Theoratical framework A theoretical framework is a conceptual framework as to how one theorizes or makes logical sense of the relationships among the several factors that have been identified as important to the problem. It seems intuitively obvious that an employees work attitudes influence preparation for a particular training program, or that an organizations reward system may affect the extent to which trainees use their newly acquired knowledge and skills. However, these and other variables have been given little attention in the training literature, and training researchers in particular have not focused much attention on factors outside the learning or training environment. In fact, individual and work-related factors that are not directly associated with training have only recently been empirically studied.  [19]   The framework helps us analyze the impact of independent variables like trainees ability and motivation to learn, impacts of the work environment, the organizations learning culture, implementation, content and design of the trainings and the training impact and effectiveness which is dependent variable. Theoretical Framework Flow Work Environment Trainees motivation to learn Trainees ability to learn Training Impact and Effectiveness Training Implementation Content and Design Trainer-Trainee Interaction Organizational Culture Operational definitions of variables: Organizational culture: Organizational culture is the personality of the organization. Culture is comprised of the assumptions, values and norms of organization members and their behaviours Trainees ability to learn: Trainees ability to learn is the trainees performance in a training program, which can be measured by asking trainees to recall trained materials immediately or shortly after completion Of a training program. Training implementation: To put training program into effect according to definite plan or procedure is called training implementation. Trainees motivation: Trainees motivation refers to an individuals desire to engage in training activities and fully embrace the training experience. Content and design: Content and design with reference to training can be defined as the material which is provided to the trainees as well as the structure of the training program which is carried out. Trainer-trainee interaction: Trainer-trainee interaction is defined as how the trainers give instructions to the trainees and get feedback from them in terms of questions or answers if any, by the trainees. Work environment: The work environment is comprised of the physical location, equipment, materials processed or used, and the activities of an employee while engaged in a training program. Hypothesis Ho: trainees ability to learn does not affect training impact and effectiveness H1: trainees ability to learn does effect training impact and effectiveness Ho: trainees motivation to learn does not affect training impact and effectiveness H1: trainees motivation to learn does effect training impact and effectiveness Ho: work environment has no effect on training impact and effectiveness H1: work environment has effect on training impact and effectiveness Ho: trainer trainee interaction has no effect on training impact and effectiveness H1: trainer trainee interaction has effect on training impact and effectiveness Ho: organizational culture does not affect training impact and effectiveness H1: organizational culture does effect training impact and effectiveness Ho: content and design does not affect training implementation and effectiveness H1: content and design does effect training implementation and effectiveness Chapter 4: RESULTS AND ANALYSIS The thesis sites that the companies observed have had difficulty assessing trainings effectiveness. To begin with, the findings were based primarily on the respondents personal experiences and common sense. Little can be said about the direct impact of training, regardless of the respondents perceptions about the value of training. One thing which is clear from the study is that the training question goes beyond how much is spent. Simply because an organization spends a certain percentage of its payroll on training does not tell us whether that money is well spent. The interviews and research review has revealed at least two general factors beyond training content, design, and implementation that probably influence the effectiveness of training. Dependent variable: impact and effectiveness

Pride and Prejudice :: English Literature

Pride and Prejudice "It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of good fortune, must be in want of a wife." Taken from Jane Austen's classic novel, Pride and Prejudice, this is probably one of the most famous opening sentences in English literature. It is clear to see from this one sentence that the novel is going to be about money, marriage and morals. The question is, from whose perspective, is a single, rich man in want of a wife? As we begin to read the novel, it becomes apparent that it is Mrs Bennet who believes that all rich, single men must be in want of a wife when she says at the beginning of the very first chapter, "A single man of large fortune; four or five thousand a year. What a fine thing for our girls," (volume 1, chapter 1, page 1). Mr and Mrs Bennet have just five daughters. Unfortunately for them, they have no sons and in the time of Jane Austen writing Pride and Prejudice, it was only the sons who could, and would, inherit the wealth of the family. Therefore, with the Bennets having just daughters, it meant that the closest male relative, a cousin in this instance named Mr Collins, to the head of the household, Mr Bennet, would inherit his wealth. The ladies would then be left having to rely on family and would hope to be provided with all they needed. So, it was imperative to Mrs Bennet that at least one of her daughter's, if not all, married well. Well enough to be able to provide security for herself, the other daughters and of course, Mrs Bennet, should anything happen to Mr Bennet. In fact, as we see at the beginning of chapter three, when Mrs Bennet says, "If I can see but one of my daughters happily settled at Netherfield, and the others equally well married, I shall have nothing to wish for," (volume 1, chapter 3, page 5), that she would want for nothing else. As interactions between potential couples didn't happen very often, it was difficult for them to get to know each other properly. Generally, the only chance potential couples had of interacting with each other was at assembly balls, arranged by fellow family members or friends. Even then, they didn't get much chance of privacy and could only chat privately whilst dancing. "To be fond of dancing was a sure step towards falling in love," (volume1, chapter 3, page 5). As we progress through the novel, we see the heir to Mr Bennet's wealth, Mr Collins, plan to marry one of the Bennet girls as an "offer Pride and Prejudice :: English Literature Pride and Prejudice "It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of good fortune, must be in want of a wife." Taken from Jane Austen's classic novel, Pride and Prejudice, this is probably one of the most famous opening sentences in English literature. It is clear to see from this one sentence that the novel is going to be about money, marriage and morals. The question is, from whose perspective, is a single, rich man in want of a wife? As we begin to read the novel, it becomes apparent that it is Mrs Bennet who believes that all rich, single men must be in want of a wife when she says at the beginning of the very first chapter, "A single man of large fortune; four or five thousand a year. What a fine thing for our girls," (volume 1, chapter 1, page 1). Mr and Mrs Bennet have just five daughters. Unfortunately for them, they have no sons and in the time of Jane Austen writing Pride and Prejudice, it was only the sons who could, and would, inherit the wealth of the family. Therefore, with the Bennets having just daughters, it meant that the closest male relative, a cousin in this instance named Mr Collins, to the head of the household, Mr Bennet, would inherit his wealth. The ladies would then be left having to rely on family and would hope to be provided with all they needed. So, it was imperative to Mrs Bennet that at least one of her daughter's, if not all, married well. Well enough to be able to provide security for herself, the other daughters and of course, Mrs Bennet, should anything happen to Mr Bennet. In fact, as we see at the beginning of chapter three, when Mrs Bennet says, "If I can see but one of my daughters happily settled at Netherfield, and the others equally well married, I shall have nothing to wish for," (volume 1, chapter 3, page 5), that she would want for nothing else. As interactions between potential couples didn't happen very often, it was difficult for them to get to know each other properly. Generally, the only chance potential couples had of interacting with each other was at assembly balls, arranged by fellow family members or friends. Even then, they didn't get much chance of privacy and could only chat privately whilst dancing. "To be fond of dancing was a sure step towards falling in love," (volume1, chapter 3, page 5). As we progress through the novel, we see the heir to Mr Bennet's wealth, Mr Collins, plan to marry one of the Bennet girls as an "offer

Averys Article on Global Warming :: Environmental Global Climate Change

As a reader the first thing I noticed about this piece is that it is an extract from The Guardian newspaper. This shows that this article is meant for intelligent and a more intellectual readership. Avery is trying to convince the reader that Global Warming is a good thing which we can benefit from. He is portraying his point of view by using his own assertions. He refers to the increase in global temperature in the next century as predicted by scientists. This method is used effectively by the author to help convince the reader to support his opinion. Avery uses a method which almost predicts the future, when in fact it is an educated guess to help support his opinion. An example of this is, "We can expect a peak population of approximately 8.5 billion in the year 2035." This is used effectively to stop the author from making a rash comment which may be proven wrong. This also shows that the author has conducted some research. He also rebuttals other scientific views. An example of this is, "That may sound like a lot, but it isn't." He uses this method lucratively. Avery says, " none of them expects to see the planet much warmer in the foreseeable future". This is a very widespread comment which is inaccurate, because Avery would have had to ask every scientist and each one will have had to have agreed. Avery also uses the history of the subject matter to help prove his point. Here is an example of this, "Between 900AD and 1300 the earth warmed by some 4-7 degrees." This is very effective as it shows the author has conducted some research and used it successfully. Avery uses many facts in his piece for example, " The world dropped into The Little Ice Age." This also shows that the author has used research to help his argument. Avery uses a clear structure in his piece. I noticed that the title, " Welcome To the garden of Eden" portrays a perfect paradise which can be interpreted as a

The Importance Of Accounting In Our Modern Society

Accounting is a very important term to our modern society. It is the career for men and women who at the start have their eyes set on top positions in industry, management, government, and general business. Accounting is a basic need of every businessmen, from the operator of a filling station to the government of the United States. It†s so important to our society. None of the business organization can operate without is. They are there-somewhere-in every business. In small business, people use pen, ink and skill keep teh records. In large business, modern accounting machines are used to operate. Men and women are directing these machines in the accounting process. Wise businessmen enter business must have some accounting knowledge. Accounting is a vital element of business. It records the way a business has grown and, after analyzing figures, suggests the way it should go in the future. Furtunes are gambled on the advice of accountants. If your friend has ever operated a business and you saw him placing figures in ledgers, then you saw him doing bookkeeping. If you have worked at a service station or supermarket and have seen books with large sheets lined in green and red lying on the manager†s table or desk, you saw books of accounting. Accounting is one of the fastest growing fields in the United States It expands each time a new store, a factory, a filling station, or a school goes up, whether in a large city or a small town. In today†s society, the demand for good accountants for exceeds the supply. As our country has expanded, business and industry have become more and more complex, so control here is very important. And control depends on a great deal of the bookkeepers and accountants who can analyze figues and advise management on what should be done. They are using more scientific ways changing money, figuring change, and collecting sales taxes. Moreover, department stores and other companies now have plants and offices widely scattered throughout the country. A new set of bookkeepers and accountants, is needed at each branch. I know there are many managements supervisory, and junior or senior executive positions are bing filled by people who started as accountants because accountants have the knowledge of methods and finance and comprehension of the fundamentals of business, and accounting is the foundation of sound business. The two kinds of accountants, public accountants and private accountants serve different important functions in business organization. Business enterprises, government agencies, and nonprofit institutions, such as universities and churches more are more likely use public accountant. They offer their services to the general public on a fee basis in much the same way as do lawyers, doctors, and dentists. In addition, the larger firms have professional accountants on their staff who work for a salary, but are also considered public accountants. The two important areas, auditing and tax services are also the job for public accountants. In a single business enterprise or nonprofit organization, the main job for private accounts in to handle the finanacial records. Manufacturing or other concerns are also need accountants, in that situation, they are often called industrial accountants. In addition, accountants are employeed by all branches of federal state, and local government, including government-owned corporations. Accountants in private and government work customarily specialize in the performance of a single type of accounting service, they may do any of the types of accounting service just described above. They also tend to become specialists in a narrow field of employment such as a particular branch of manufacturing, public utilities, or transportation. Except public accountants and private accountants, there are some other general category of accountants who are taking important parts in business organizations. They are managerial accountants, controller, cost accountant, government accountant, internal accountant and teaching accountant. Each of the accountant serves different function in business organization. A company needs well-organized management. Managerial accountant is a kind of person hired by a company and trained to be a manager one day. The managerial accountant, needs to learn all aspects of the company-people, products, plants, and equipments. They should know how to handle management responsibility, and administrative skills. A company needs somebody to record its financial operating datas, and measure performance, and it needs somebody to interpret results of operations, and to plan and make recommendations for actions. Controller is this kind person of the company and is responsible for the records of the company†s operation. His or her job is not only deal with finances, but also deal with people, products, equipments and material. In addition, he or she also needs to concern about sales and profit of the company. Like the president or vicepresident, controller has opportunities to exercise imagination and judgement and to make rewarding contribution to the company. A corporation may exist many different items in managactures, and those items go hundreds of various sized and priced componenets. The sales office will have to know the production cost of each item in order ot arrive at a sales price that will contain a profit for the company. A cost accountant works on it. He studies the items one by one, figures the cost of every parts of the products, and then arrives at the production cost of each item. Organizations of federal, state, or municipal government also need accountants to help their business. Government accountants come to do a variety of financial management work. They may deal with auditing, designing and maintaining. They may do budgeting and administrative duties requiring the use of accounting information. A modern business organization needs internal accountant to see whether the assets of a business are properly protected and accounted for, that current trasactions are completely recorded, or the company†s waste and loss whether to be saved or not. High schools, colleges or universities are also need accounting professors to teach students accounting techniques. Teaching accountants, who know a great deal about accounting and has had some practical experience in dealing with persons and businesses, ready to pass along their knowledge and experiences to students and future accountants. In small schools, teachers have other duties besides their work in the classrooms. They serve as school secretaries, bookkeepers, statistical clerks, and managers in lunchrooms. In addition to the accounts mentioned above, you may also find tax accountant, a systems and control accountant, a budget accountant, or an auditor. Working people need to pay taxes. Tax is so important to our society. It†s a main financial imcome of the government. People have to pay different kinds of tax according to their imcome. For example, they need to pay imcome tax, social security tax, state unemployment tax, federal excise tax, state and local sales and miscellantous taxes, property taxes, and federal and state taxes on corportation imcomes. As an accountant, one of the job he needs to do is to hepl people to pay taxes. Taxes and accounting are intervined. In dividual tax liabilities are arrived at by an accounting process. Large corporations that pay taxes in the hundreds of thousands of dollars, hire many accountants. Thus, accountant is tightly related to the tax adminatration. Accountants use skills in tax matters to help prepare people yearly report. According to the statistics, â€Å"In California, individual CPA practitioners report that around 21 percent of their business is tax work. Public accountant practitioners, who are closer to the small income earners, report that 25 percent of their business is tax work. † Especially public accountants, their large percentage of income is come from tax work. Because of the development of the modern society and increasement of peoples† income, more and more accountants are needed for tax work. Sound business needs good record, so control accountants are needed for this. They can help and advice managers to well develop their business. Some government firms and other organizations such as banks, stores, schools, churches, need auditors to operate the business. The auditor†s report will be of particular value to stockholders and creditors, since it shows an impartial opinion of the company is financial condition. For the management of the company, the auditor can often make very valuable suggestions for cutting costs, minmizing tax liabilities, and finding new ways to increase profits. Let†s look some accounting jobs in government. There are two million federal employees are working for the government , dealing with problems of population, education, transportation, national security, welfare and others. Accountants, auditors, system analysts, and budget administrators are helping to maintain the stability in modern governmental operations. United Stated is teh largest enterprise in the world today, we can imagine how complexity of the business got to be, so accountants take important parts in the operation of these business. They work for department of Agriculture, department of Commerce, department of Defense, department of Health, Edaucaiton, and Welfare, post offic edepartment and department of teh Treasury. Department of Agriculture deal with agricultural production, chemistry, economics, engineering, marketing, conservation, price support, and production adjustment problems. The department nees accountants to help its programs. The main job for accountant in this agency is to develop and maintain financial management systems, prepare and analyze budgetary and program lost statements, check costs of commercial food processors and producers, audit various operations in the office and in the field, and check records of commercial, cooperative, and state and municipal organizations participating in agricultural programs. Department of Commerce performs a wide range of operations. It gathers information about domestic and foreign industries and trade, publishes technical information for the government, and handles allocations of materials necessary to military and atomic energy programs. It†s also a place which needs accountants. Accountants here maintain regulatory and cost accounting systems, and audit steamship, railroad, and utility companies. Department of defense is an department which includes departments of the Army, Navy, and Air Force. This department has established an ideal career program to help recruit auditors and accountants. The department needs a well-qualified accountants and auditors. Those accountants are needed to handle cost accounting, property and inventory accounting, inernal and external auditing, and budgeting. Under the department of Health, Education, and Welfare, there are Public Health Servide, the Food and Drug Administration, the Office of Education, the Social Security Administration, and the Office of Vacational Rehabilitation. Those offices are located every where in the United States, so countless accountants are needed to operate in these organizations. The work mostly involves cost accounting, hospital accounting budgeting, auditing, and financial mangement. Post Office Deartmetn is another place which needs accountants assistants. This large department employs more than 560,000 persons and operates over 35,000 post offices. Besides that, it provides money-order and postal-saving services. All this naturally involves large sums of money and huge volumes of transactions. To handle it all, â€Å"The depatment has set up within its organization a Bureau of Finance, which looks after the the accounting, budgeting, cost accounting, keeping statistics and financial data, nd financial management work. † Department of the Treasury serves as the government†s banker, bookkeeper, disburser, collector, trustee, investor, lender, printer of the currency, coiner of money, supervisor of national banks, and financial advisor to the President and Congress. It†s not hard to see that each of these duties involves accounting. The Treasure Department needs men and women educated and trained in accounting, auditiing, budgeting, and financial management. Here accountants may be systems accountants, general accountants, cost accountants, internal auditors, revenue agents, bank examiners, budget and fiscal officers, management analysts, tax analysts, and public debt analysts. There are also a nember of independent agencies with which an accountant may find interesting and challenging work. There are the Atomi Energy Commission, the Farm Credit Administration, the Interstate Commerce Commission, the Securities and Exchange Commission and other important commissions, an accountant can find an easy way upward to general administrative and managerial positions. There is a overseeing department is called the United States Greneral Accounting Office. Just as a company president is the top man over many men and departments below him. The department generally oversees all the other agencies of the government. This vital department is headed by the comptroller General of the United States. As the President is called the Chief Executive of the nation, you could call the comptroller General the Chief Accountant of the nation. His office, an independent agency in the legislative branch, has the vitally important job of making audits of the programs, activities, and financial responsibilities of federal departments and agencies. It even checks government contracts. Since women†s position has been improved in the U. S, accounting also opened its door to women. It can be the world of achievement for the women who is looking for a higher ststus than what is offered by ledgers and journals. Accountants in today†s society is expected to know a great deal about management, business practice and theory, taxes, cost accounting, auditing, and systems and controls. To the woman who can train these and other subjects gose the opportunity to work at the management level with executives and leaders of business. Women also have opportunities for specialization and self-employment in an accounting firm. That†s why I say accounting is the door which widely open to women, and more and more women are stepping into it. According to the statistics â€Å"By 1910, there were about 190,000 women engaged in the occapation. From 1940-1950 the increase in female bookkeepers was 37,395. An estimate, based on the 1950 census, showed 556,229 women bookkeepers compared to only 164,748 men in the same employment. The figures show women occupy a large percentage in accounting field. Accounting is every where. Non eof the business or nonbusiness organization can stay longer without it. There is no doubt that all the business require some people who have some experience or knowledge in bookkeeping and accounting. More and more employers prefer employees with some knowledge of bookkeeping and accounting. There are other some examples of accounting job are required in different business: Office Manager-accountant, excellent salary, may advance to plany controller. The Importance Of Accounting In Our Modern Society Accounting is a very important term to our modern society. It is the career for men and women who at the start have their eyes set on top positions in industry, management, government, and general business. Accounting is a basic need of every businessmen, from the operator of a filling station to the government of the United States. It†s so important to our society. None of the business organization can operate without is. They are there-somewhere-in every business. In small business, people use pen, ink and skill keep teh records. In large business, modern accounting machines are used to operate. Men and women are directing these machines in the accounting process. Wise businessmen enter business must have some accounting knowledge. Accounting is a vital element of business. It records the way a business has grown and, after analyzing figures, suggests the way it should go in the future. Furtunes are gambled on the advice of accountants. If your friend has ever operated a business and you saw him placing figures in ledgers, then you saw him doing bookkeeping. If you have worked at a service station or supermarket and have seen books with large sheets lined in green and red lying on the manager†s table or desk, you saw books of accounting. Accounting is one of the fastest growing fields in the United States It expands each time a new store, a factory, a filling station, or a school goes up, whether in a large city or a small town. In today†s society, the demand for good accountants for exceeds the supply. As our country has expanded, business and industry have become more and more complex, so control here is very important. And control depends on a great deal of the bookkeepers and accountants who can analyze figues and advise management on what should be done. They are using more scientific ways changing money, figuring change, and collecting sales taxes. Moreover, department stores and other companies now have plants and offices widely scattered throughout the country. A new set of bookkeepers and accountants, is needed at each branch. I know there are many managements supervisory, and junior or senior executive positions are bing filled by people who started as accountants because accountants have the knowledge of methods and finance and comprehension of the fundamentals of business, and accounting is the foundation of sound business. The two kinds of accountants, public accountants and private accountants serve different important functions in business organization. Business enterprises, government agencies, and nonprofit institutions, such as universities and churches more are more likely use public accountant. They offer their services to the general public on a fee basis in much the same way as do lawyers, doctors, and dentists. In addition, the larger firms have professional accountants on their staff who work for a salary, but are also considered public accountants. The two important areas, auditing and tax services are also the job for public accountants. In a single business enterprise or nonprofit organization, the main job for private accounts in to handle the finanacial records. Manufacturing or other concerns are also need accountants, in that situation, they are often called industrial accountants. In addition, accountants are employeed by all branches of federal state, and local government, including government-owned corporations. Accountants in private and government work customarily specialize in the performance of a single type of accounting service, they may do any of the types of accounting service just described above. They also tend to become specialists in a narrow field of employment such as a particular branch of manufacturing, public utilities, or transportation. Except public accountants and private accountants, there are some other general category of accountants who are taking important parts in business organizations. They are managerial accountants, controller, cost accountant, government accountant, internal accountant and teaching accountant. Each of the accountant serves different function in business organization. A company needs well-organized management. Managerial accountant is a kind of person hired by a company and trained to be a manager one day. The managerial accountant, needs to learn all aspects of the company-people, products, plants, and equipments. They should know how to handle management responsibility, and administrative skills. A company needs somebody to record its financial operating datas, and measure performance, and it needs somebody to interpret results of operations, and to plan and make recommendations for actions. Controller is this kind person of the company and is responsible for the records of the company†s operation. His or her job is not only deal with finances, but also deal with people, products, equipments and material. In addition, he or she also needs to concern about sales and profit of the company. Like the president or vicepresident, controller has opportunities to exercise imagination and judgement and to make rewarding contribution to the company. A corporation may exist many different items in managactures, and those items go hundreds of various sized and priced componenets. The sales office will have to know the production cost of each item in order ot arrive at a sales price that will contain a profit for the company. A cost accountant works on it. He studies the items one by one, figures the cost of every parts of the products, and then arrives at the production cost of each item. Organizations of federal, state, or municipal government also need accountants to help their business. Government accountants come to do a variety of financial management work. They may deal with auditing, designing and maintaining. They may do budgeting and administrative duties requiring the use of accounting information. A modern business organization needs internal accountant to see whether the assets of a business are properly protected and accounted for, that current trasactions are completely recorded, or the company†s waste and loss whether to be saved or not. High schools, colleges or universities are also need accounting professors to teach students accounting techniques. Teaching accountants, who know a great deal about accounting and has had some practical experience in dealing with persons and businesses, ready to pass along their knowledge and experiences to students and future accountants. In small schools, teachers have other duties besides their work in the classrooms. They serve as school secretaries, bookkeepers, statistical clerks, and managers in lunchrooms. In addition to the accounts mentioned above, you may also find tax accountant, a systems and control accountant, a budget accountant, or an auditor. Working people need to pay taxes. Tax is so important to our society. It†s a main financial imcome of the government. People have to pay different kinds of tax according to their imcome. For example, they need to pay imcome tax, social security tax, state unemployment tax, federal excise tax, state and local sales and miscellantous taxes, property taxes, and federal and state taxes on corportation imcomes. As an accountant, one of the job he needs to do is to hepl people to pay taxes. Taxes and accounting are intervined. In dividual tax liabilities are arrived at by an accounting process. Large corporations that pay taxes in the hundreds of thousands of dollars, hire many accountants. Thus, accountant is tightly related to the tax adminatration. Accountants use skills in tax matters to help prepare people yearly report. According to the statistics, â€Å"In California, individual CPA practitioners report that around 21 percent of their business is tax work. Public accountant practitioners, who are closer to the small income earners, report that 25 percent of their business is tax work. † Especially public accountants, their large percentage of income is come from tax work. Because of the development of the modern society and increasement of peoples† income, more and more accountants are needed for tax work. Sound business needs good record, so control accountants are needed for this. They can help and advice managers to well develop their business. Some government firms and other organizations such as banks, stores, schools, churches, need auditors to operate the business. The auditor†s report will be of particular value to stockholders and creditors, since it shows an impartial opinion of the company is financial condition. For the management of the company, the auditor can often make very valuable suggestions for cutting costs, minmizing tax liabilities, and finding new ways to increase profits. Let†s look some accounting jobs in government. There are two million federal employees are working for the government , dealing with problems of population, education, transportation, national security, welfare and others. Accountants, auditors, system analysts, and budget administrators are helping to maintain the stability in modern governmental operations. United Stated is teh largest enterprise in the world today, we can imagine how complexity of the business got to be, so accountants take important parts in the operation of these business. They work for department of Agriculture, department of Commerce, department of Defense, department of Health, Edaucaiton, and Welfare, post offic edepartment and department of teh Treasury. Department of Agriculture deal with agricultural production, chemistry, economics, engineering, marketing, conservation, price support, and production adjustment problems. The department nees accountants to help its programs. The main job for accountant in this agency is to develop and maintain financial management systems, prepare and analyze budgetary and program lost statements, check costs of commercial food processors and producers, audit various operations in the office and in the field, and check records of commercial, cooperative, and state and municipal organizations participating in agricultural programs. Department of Commerce performs a wide range of operations. It gathers information about domestic and foreign industries and trade, publishes technical information for the government, and handles allocations of materials necessary to military and atomic energy programs. It†s also a place which needs accountants. Accountants here maintain regulatory and cost accounting systems, and audit steamship, railroad, and utility companies. Department of defense is an department which includes departments of the Army, Navy, and Air Force. This department has established an ideal career program to help recruit auditors and accountants. The department needs a well-qualified accountants and auditors. Those accountants are needed to handle cost accounting, property and inventory accounting, inernal and external auditing, and budgeting. Under the department of Health, Education, and Welfare, there are Public Health Servide, the Food and Drug Administration, the Office of Education, the Social Security Administration, and the Office of Vacational Rehabilitation. Those offices are located every where in the United States, so countless accountants are needed to operate in these organizations. The work mostly involves cost accounting, hospital accounting budgeting, auditing, and financial mangement. Post Office Deartmetn is another place which needs accountants assistants. This large department employs more than 560,000 persons and operates over 35,000 post offices. Besides that, it provides money-order and postal-saving services. All this naturally involves large sums of money and huge volumes of transactions. To handle it all, â€Å"The depatment has set up within its organization a Bureau of Finance, which looks after the the accounting, budgeting, cost accounting, keeping statistics and financial data, nd financial management work. † Department of the Treasury serves as the government†s banker, bookkeeper, disburser, collector, trustee, investor, lender, printer of the currency, coiner of money, supervisor of national banks, and financial advisor to the President and Congress. It†s not hard to see that each of these duties involves accounting. The Treasure Department needs men and women educated and trained in accounting, auditiing, budgeting, and financial management. Here accountants may be systems accountants, general accountants, cost accountants, internal auditors, revenue agents, bank examiners, budget and fiscal officers, management analysts, tax analysts, and public debt analysts. There are also a nember of independent agencies with which an accountant may find interesting and challenging work. There are the Atomi Energy Commission, the Farm Credit Administration, the Interstate Commerce Commission, the Securities and Exchange Commission and other important commissions, an accountant can find an easy way upward to general administrative and managerial positions. There is a overseeing department is called the United States Greneral Accounting Office. Just as a company president is the top man over many men and departments below him. The department generally oversees all the other agencies of the government. This vital department is headed by the comptroller General of the United States. As the President is called the Chief Executive of the nation, you could call the comptroller General the Chief Accountant of the nation. His office, an independent agency in the legislative branch, has the vitally important job of making audits of the programs, activities, and financial responsibilities of federal departments and agencies. It even checks government contracts. Since women†s position has been improved in the U. S, accounting also opened its door to women. It can be the world of achievement for the women who is looking for a higher ststus than what is offered by ledgers and journals. Accountants in today†s society is expected to know a great deal about management, business practice and theory, taxes, cost accounting, auditing, and systems and controls. To the woman who can train these and other subjects gose the opportunity to work at the management level with executives and leaders of business. Women also have opportunities for specialization and self-employment in an accounting firm. That†s why I say accounting is the door which widely open to women, and more and more women are stepping into it. According to the statistics â€Å"By 1910, there were about 190,000 women engaged in the occapation. From 1940-1950 the increase in female bookkeepers was 37,395. An estimate, based on the 1950 census, showed 556,229 women bookkeepers compared to only 164,748 men in the same employment. The figures show women occupy a large percentage in accounting field. Accounting is every where. Non eof the business or nonbusiness organization can stay longer without it. There is no doubt that all the business require some people who have some experience or knowledge in bookkeeping and accounting. More and more employers prefer employees with some knowledge of bookkeeping and accounting. There are other some examples of accounting job are required in different business: Office Manager-accountant, excellent salary, may advance to plany controller.